摘要
国家作为救灾政治中最重要的行动主体,通过政治动员与政策供给,本着"以人为本"的精神进行抗震救灾,体现出积极的、负责任的国家形象,凸显了"举全国之力"进行抗震救灾的体制上的优越性。但在灾害危机中,基层政府仍然无法摆脱它在税费时期作为"资源汲取者"的印象,以及在税费改革后由于能力的限制而不能很好地提供公共服务的"弱"的印象。基层政府在积累合法性资源的同时,又创造出了一些导致合法性资源流失的因素。灾区民众利用国家赋予的"灾民身份"及其附着的相关权益,以及根据直观感知与经验知识自我建构的"灾民"身份与基层政府展开互动,以尽可能多地获取救灾资源,从而获得权益合法性。具有灾民身份的农民并不是完全的"被救助者",在灾害危急中遭遇的损失,及其在恢复重建中面临的经济压力,是其进行主动索要和维权行为的主要动力来源。在救灾政治中,国家、基层政府以及具有灾民身份的农民均会主动借灾害危机最大限度地经营自身的合法性。救灾政治中的合法性经营在效果上呈现非均衡的特征。但总体而言,从全球视野来审视,中国式救灾政治有无可比拟的优越性。
In this study,the core problem is that how do the central state,grass-roots government and the victims operate their own legitimacy in the earthquake relief and reconstruction.The entry point of this study is relief politics and the research unit is Yuan town part of Patterns River County in Sichuan Province which is the disaster area of earthquake.I conducted six months of field research in Yuan town with regards to this and have an overall grasp on the national,grass-roots government and disaster victims,disaster relief operations,as well as the interaction between them.This paper examines the national disaster relief operations in the first place,and then gradually moved to the grass-roots government’s relief practice in the resource constraints and interest-driven to show the legitimacy of the grassroots management behaviors and difficulties.In this study,people in disaster areas are seen as active actors in the relief of political.In this study,I show the action and processes of operating their own legitimacy such as constructing the identity of "victims" which can bring them the actual interests,interacting with the grass-roots government as much as possible to obtain relief resources The central state is the most important actor in disaster relief.Political mobilization and policy supply are the main action of the central state with the idea of "people-oriented".The earthquake relief reflects positive,responsible image of the country and the superiority of the system which can "give the whole force" in disaster relief.The grass-roots governments undertake the country’s relief operations such as implementing and altering the national relief policy.At the same time they carry out the reconstruction and development as enterprises based on its own interests.Through the above actions,the grass-roots governments operate their own legitimacy.However,they can not get rid of "bad" image and "weak" image left in the process of collecting agricultural taxes and fees and providing public services after tax and fee reform.The grass-roots governments are accumulating resources of legitimacy,while creating the factors that undermine the legitimacy.Disaster victims interact with the grass-roots government in order to obtain relief resources as much as possible.They take advantage of the identity Victims given by the state and the relevant interests to get the legitimacy of their own rights and interests.Losses in the earthquake and economic pressures faced in the reconstruction are main power source of their post-disaster action.Their action strategies include bemoaning their fate and anti-corruption in order to fight for their right to speak.This study has the following basic conclusions.Firstly,the research found that Central state,local government and farmers who have the identity of the victims all try their best to operate their own legitimacy in the earthquake relief and reconstruction.Secondly,the result of their operating activities are nonbalanced:the central state had been successfully;grass-roots governments have encountered many difficulties while have the risk of loss the original legitimacy in action;The legitimate rights and interests of the victims have been squeezed to a certain extent.The operating conditions of the latter two will ultimately affect the operating results of the legitimacy of the entire country in the rural society.Thirdly,the research found that China’s relief and political has more advantages than that of other countries in global perspective,it also has some problems.To solve these problems can promote China’s disaster relief and political as well as promoting the development of the modern state and rural society.
出处
《政治人类学评论》
2020年第2期-,共49页
Political Anthropology Review
关键词
救灾政治
合法性经营
国家文本
地方规则
非均衡性认同
relief politics
operating legality
national text
local rules
non-equilibrium identity
