摘要
在我国城市化过程中,原处城郊的自然村落被城市环境包围或者半包围起来,但仍保持着村落的形态,形成了"城中村"。大约从20世纪末开始,"城中村"日益被学者们所关注。但整体而言,现有多数研究停留在对城中村物质环境和社会问题的描述层面,只是静态地讨论城中村的现状,对村落的历史变迁、这一进程中国家与社会互动关系的变化,以及共同体在村落走向衰亡过程中的作用,缺乏细致的讨论和深入的反思。本文通过对A市B区城中村"L庄"拆迁过程的个案研究,探讨在村落共同体的衰落的过程中,村民在拆迁过程中逐渐由希望回迁的集体诉求转向以争取经济补偿为目的的个体弈争过程,理解在"匮乏阈限"状态下,村民个体、无序、离散、自利的"弈争"行为,如何得到国家权力的默许与认可,并形成了特有的国家与社会互动关系。本文一方面关注国家权力在村落拆迁过程中的具体运作方式和过程,另一方面分析村民面对被拆迁境况的心理和行为,以期全面深入地理解拆迁与抗争如何发生,及其匮乏阈限下的国家默许—个体弈争模式对村民社群乃至当代中国社会的影响和意义。
In the process of urbanization in China,the natural villages in the suburbs were surrounded or semi-enclosed by the urban environment,forming the villages in the city,namely the "urban village".Since the end of the last century, "urban village" has been increasingly concerned by scholars.On the whole,most of the existing researches are at the level of describing the physical environment and social problems of the urban village.They lack the in-depth observation and analysis of the daily life and inner world of the occupants,and it is difficult to truly show the special social ecology and village culture of the urban village.Moreover,most researchers only discuss the current situation of urban village statically,and fail to combine them with the historical evolution of the villages,resulting in a lack of comprehensive understanding of many issues.In addition,although the academic circles have had some analysis on the various ills and transformation work of the urban village,few scholars have reflected on the implicit power relations in relevant discourses,policies and measures,and the academic circles has not seen any in-depth empirical research on the demolitionrelocation of urban villages.In view of this,this paper,through a case study of the demolition process of "L zhuang" in the urban village of Area B of City A,discusses the process of individual struggles of villagers from the collective appeal of hope to move back to the purpose of seeking economic compensation.And we can understand how the individual behavior of the villagers,disorder,discretion and self-interest in the "stark threshold" state,how to obtain the acquiescence and recognition of state power,and the formation of a unique state-society interaction.On the one hand,this paper pays attention to the specific operation mode and process of state power in the process of village demolition,and on the other hand,it analyzes the psychology and behavior of villagers in the face of demolition,in order to comprehensively and deeply understand how demolition and resistance occur,and under the threshold of scarcity,the influence and significance of the national acquiescenceindividual game mode on the villagers’ community and even contemporary Chinese society.The existing Western theory of resistance is difficult to fully explain the reasons and behaviors of the demolition of the villagers in L zhuang.However,the various forms of contemporary Chinese peasant protests proposed by the academic circles are reflected in the actions of the villagers,but they cannot sum up the true way of their struggle.This paper introduces Turner’ s threshold theory and proposes the concept of "game" to provide a new perspective for understanding farmers’ struggles in contemporary China.After L zhuang evolved from a natural village to a urban village,the social structure,life order and values of the village have undergone profound changes,and the "collective perception " of the villagers has gradually weakened.With the large number of migrants entering the country,a symbiotic system lacking stability has been formed between the villagers and the floating population.The author borrows the concept of threshold in Turner’s anti-structural theory to refer to the social form of the urban village as a "quasi-threshold".The state believes that the urban village is the "disease" of the city and plans to dismantle it.However,villagers and migrants regard the village as a home and a place to stay,and are reluctant to relocate.In the early stage of demolition,the government tried to legalize the demolition behavior through the propaganda of collectivist ideology,while the villagers used the methods of spreading rumors to question and confront the government’s propaganda discourse,and organized collective appeal activities to try to meet the needs of their collective relocation.Realizing that the government is unlikely to change the established decision-making,the villagers’ collective sense of knowledge is further weakened,and individual actions are taken to seek more economic compensation for themselves.As the state promotes the demolition process through physical restraint,inducement and differentiation of villagers,the village gradually loses its order and becomes the threshold limit of Turner’s lack of state.The author calls it the "thickness threshold ".Under the premise of not confronting the basic decision-making of the government,the villagers use various means to win more resettlement houses and compensation funds.The author refers to this kind of resistance as "game struggle".As the village is in the threshold of deprivation,the daily morality and behavioral norms are greatly weakened by the restraint of the villagers’ behavior,and many seemingly unreasonable behaviors also appear at this time.In order to promote the demolition process,the government has basically adopted a tacit attitude and promoted the occurrence of the game.The content of this paper is mainly divided into three chapters:The first chapter is the academic review.On the basis of sorting out a large amount of literature,it sorts out the research on "urban village" and demolition,and explaines the theory of struggle,threshold,lack of threshold,collective cognition,game and some other theories.These studies and theories provide a variety of perspectives and conceptual tools,providing us with a variety of perspectives and inspirations for observing and understanding contemporary Chinese peasant resistance.The second chapter is the field investigation and practice analysis,which is mainly divided into two parts.The first part,from the perspective of space,describes the daily life and social relations before the demolition of L zhuang,and analyzes the different positioning and cognition of the village by the government,the original villagers and the floating population.The second part focuses on the interaction between the government and the villagers during the village demolition process,which is the core part of this paper.This part begins with the discourse and discusses the confrontation and controversy between the government and the villagers on the legality of demolition in the early stage of demolition.The government tried to legalize its demolition behavior through various propaganda,in order to get the cooperation of the villagers and smoothly carry out the decision on demolition,while the villagers used the strategy of exposing officials’ corruption and spreading rumors to counter the government’s demolition propaganda.At the same time,this chapter also discusses the collective appeals of the villagers at the beginning of the demolition,the main purpose of which is to relocate to the original place of residence after the village reconstruction.Secondly,the paper focuses on the government’s measures in the middle and post-demolition and the villagers;protest actions.During this period,the government adopted a variety of strategies to implement the decision to demolish the village.The villagers’ coping style changed from collective activities to individual behaviors,and their demands gradually changed from in situ to more economic compensation.This part explains the concept of the game more specifically by analyzing the ways and means used by the villagers to maintain and strive for benefits.The third chapter is a comprehensive summary of the thesis,combined with the case of L Zhuang,to discuss the macro-level discussion on the changes of village order,state-society relations,and disputes,and also conducted an in-depth investigation and analysis of the demolition process of L zhuang and the interaction between the government and the villagers.This is instructive for us to understand contemporary Chinese urban villages and urbanization,state-society relations,and peasant resistance.This paper attempts to understand the resistance behavior of the villagers during the demolition process of L zhuang from the perspective of "structureorder".As mentioned above,after L zhuang became a urban village,the structure,order and values of the original natural village society gradually disappeared,and a symbiotic relationship lacking stability was formed between the villagers and the floating population.The author borrows the concept of "threshold limit" in Turner’s anti-structural theory to refer to the state of the urban village as "quasi-threshold ".During the demolition,the state promoted the demolition process through physical restraint,inducement and differentiation of villagers,and the village gradually lost its normal order,which became the threshold for Turner’s lack of structurally poor group.The author calls it the "thickness threshold".This concept is very helpful for us to understand the forms and behaviors of the villagers.Turner pointed out that in the threshold phase,because the distinction between social classes became less important,it was easy to form a form of inclusiveness,that is,there was no hierarchy between people,and it was a state of positive significance.At the beginning of the demolition of L zhuang village,the villagers once united and conducted a number of collective appeals.The main requirement was to move back to the village.The protests of the villagers during this period were not entirely caused by the uneasiness or relative deprivation of the villagers.Their actions could not be understood only from the perspective of economic interests or rationality,but when the village suddenly entered the threshold of scarcity,a short-term form of communion formed between the villagers.But as the appeals were fruitless,the villagers realized that the government could not change their basic decisions,and the country’s differentiation and inducement measures,the form of communion soon ended.The villagers gave up the way of collective resistance and turned to personal action to deal with the authorities to seek more benefits for themselves.The author uses the concept of "game struggle" to summarize the individual,disorderly,discrete,self-interested struggles of the villagers.In the tactics of the villagers of L zhuang,they include elements of various forms of resistance such as "weapons of the weak", "resistance by law", "game by the potential",and "resistance by the body".The villagers have flexible use of various strategies,both open and covert.Both the use of policies and the non-compliance of policies have the sole purpose of obtaining more favorable compensation conditions.Because the resources available to the villagers are very limited,the body has become the most common and effective weapon of their struggle.The villagers’ game behavior has a necessary premise that it cannot challenge the country’s basic decision-making.Under this premise,the state acquiesced to the villagers to fight for their own interests within the acceptable range of the state through various means.Since the goal of selfinterest is not involved,and the behavior of the game must be individual and disorderly,this is also an important reason for the "one family and one policy " in the process of demolition.The reason why the game has become the main form of villagers’ struggle in the process of demolition in L zhuang is due to the state’s restriction on collective resistance activities and the lack of thresholds for villages.With the complete collapse of the village order after the demolition began,coupled with the country’s differentiation strategy,collective action is increasingly difficult to organize.At the same time,because the village is in a state of lack of threshold,the daily moral concepts and norms of behavior have basically lost the binding force on the villagers’ behaviors.Some behaviors that may be subject to moral condemnation or even legal punishment are common in the process of demolition and are not blamed.When the shovel’s excavator pushed down a house in L zhuang,what was lost by the villagers?
出处
《政治人类学评论》
2019年第2期57-113,289-295,7,共65页
Political Anthropology Review
关键词
城中村
拆迁
集体认知感
匮乏阈限
弈争
Urban Village
Demolition
Collective-Cognition
Poverty-Liminality
Game
