摘要
女巫群体自古有之,但不同的时代,女巫的社会地位与影响力并不一样。原始部落中的女巫往往享有很高的威望。商周时期,出于神道设教的需求,女巫在社会政治生活中非常活跃,但是随着春秋战国以来礼崩乐坏,她们渐渐被逐出了权力机关而下移到民间,在民间信仰活动中发挥着重要作用。唐代社会鬼神信仰弥漫,女巫仍然是一个活跃的群体,她们的活动是唐代妇女史研究中非常重要的问题,对妇女史研究的细化具有积极意义。然而由于女巫是边缘中的边缘,相关记载极为稀少,故而关于她们的研究一直相当薄弱。除了相关的论著,如文镛盛《中国古代社会的巫觋》(华文出版社,1999年)、王永平《论唐代的民间淫祠与移风易俗》(《史学月刊》2000年第5期)和《论唐代的“鬼道”》(《首都师范大学学报》2001年第6期)、刘礼堂《唐代长江流域“信巫鬼、重淫祀”习俗考》(《武汉大学学报》2001年第5期)等有所涉及之外,迄今为止,真正研究唐代女巫的只有王晓玲《试论女巫与唐代社会生活》(硕士学位论文,首都师范大学,2004年)。该文主要考察了唐代女巫的交往对象、通神手段、社会职能、生存挑战及其对社会生活的影响等,但对唐代女巫群体的来源、女巫的种类、通神手段的获取与谋生方式及行巫活动等内容未有涉及,故撰本文做进一步的探究。
Witches are marginalized groups in women’s groups,mainly through witchcraft activities such as selling divinity and practicing medicine,reducing demons and eliminating monsters,praying for gods and so on to obtain living materials.In the Tang Dynasty,witches were usually handed down from mentors to apprentices,but many were handed down from mothers to daughters,and new witches would appear in family god-making activities.From the perspective of their activity space,the witches in the Tang Dynasty lived in the street and the temple.The witches living in the street were active in the folk.In addition to medical treatment,divination predicts that auspiciousness and evilness were their most concerned technology.The famous witches had a great income and would also have contact with the official circles.The witches who presided over the temple received incense money from pilgrims as their main income,and also took part in official and private prayer activities to receive payment.However,their magic was not innate,but acquired by entertaining gods,serving ghosts and spells.Some of the witches were folk doctors themselves,putting on the cloak of sorcery,and their skills were even more mysterious.
作者
焦杰
Jiao Jie(School of History and Civilization,Shaanxi Normal University)
出处
《丝绸之路研究集刊》
2022年第2期269-284,531,共17页
Journal of the Silk Road Studies
基金
国家社科基金后期资助项目“中古妇女文化研究”(19FZSB047)阶段性成果。
