摘要
“无行为能力人与限制行为能力人致人损害时监督义务人责任”的相关规范体系长期以来学界就存在较大的争议,《民法典》仍然沿袭《民法通则》与《侵权责任法》的相关规定而未进行实质性的修改。然而基于民法典内在体系与外在体系的要求,文章认为须对此进行全新的检视,并在此基础上进行重新解释乃至于进行法律续造。文章在考问侵权责任之归责原则的基础上,认为《民法典》第1188条所规定的未成人监护人责任应系自己责任而非替代责任,即违反了自己基于法律规定的监督义务,故应为过错推定责任而非无过错责任。与此同时,为了平衡受害人、未成年人及监护人的利益关系,建议将第1188条第2款解释为衡平责任。文章还进一步检讨了委托监护人责任,认为在解释范畴,我国民法典在外部关系上应当将委托监护人与法定监护人的责任进行同构,但是在内部关系上应当基于委托合同确定法定监护人与委托监护人之间最终责任的承担问题。
There has been a great controversy in the academic circle about the liability of the guardians for the damage caused by minors.The Chinese Civil Code still follows the relevant rules of the general principles of civil law and the tort liability law without substantive modification.However,based on the requirements of the internal and external system of the Civil Code,it is necessary to conduct a brand-new review on this system,and on this basis,to reconstruct it,even to rebuild it.After investigating the principle of the imputation of the tort liability,this paper holds that the liability of Guardians stipulated in article 1188 of the Civil Code should be self-responsibility rather than vicarious liability,which is in violation of his supervision duty,so it should be fault presumption responsibility rather than no fault liability.At the same time,in order to balance the interests of victims,minors and guardians,it is suggested that article 1188(2)be interpreted as equity liability.The paper further reviews the responsibility of the entrusted guardians,and holds that the liability of the entrusted guardian should be reconstructed the same as the legal guardians,while in the internal relationship,the ultimate responsibility between the legal guardian and the entrusted guardian should be determined according to the entrustment contract.
出处
《清华法律评论》
2022年第1期49-67,共19页
Tsinghua Law Review
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(项目编号:18ZDA 141)的阶段性成果
社科基金重点项目“民法典分则立法的外在与内在体系研究”(项目编号:18AFX014)的阶段性成果
中央高校基本科研业务专项资金资助
关键词
责任
监护人
监督义务
过错责任
Liability
Guardian
Duty of Oversight
Principle of Negligence
