摘要
本文研究各缔约国依据《欧洲人权公约》第15条之规定在紧急状态下克减公约权利的实践。本文不仅呈现了各缔约国克减公约权利的相关历史数据,并且还对数据和实践进行了分析,最后提出了一系列的改革意见。笔者发现部分国家存在延长紧急状态的时间和在紧急状态结束后继续维持克减公约权利的措施。这违反了《欧洲人权公约》第15条的规定。然而,虽然域外执行军事活动理应是克减公约权利的正当理由,但是相关缔约国却未能宣布克减决定。笔者发现欧洲人权法院在实施公约第15条过程中通常会选择支持缔约国的决定。由于存在上述缺陷,笔者认为需要对公约第15条的适用进行改革。改革的内容应包括调整紧急措施的审查程序、改进克减公约权利的通知程序和修改缔约国在域外实施克减措施的方法。
This article examines State practice on derogations from human rights protection during states of emergency under Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights.The article presents statistical data on the use of derogations,offers analysis of the data and practice and advances a series of reform proposals.It is argued that Article 15 is being misused by States to derogate for protracted periods of time for entrenched emergencies and that emergency measures are remaining in place after declared emergencies have ended.Equally,States are not derogating in circumstances where they should for military operations,particularly extra-territorial military operations.It is argued that the European Court of Human Rights has been deferential in enforcing Article 15 and that reform is needed to address the problems identified.Reforms should include review procedures for emergency measures,enhanced procedures for notifying derogations and an amendment to facilitate extra-territorial derogations.
出处
《民间法》
2022年第1期471-498,共28页
关键词
人权
公共紧急状态
克减
海外军事活动
《欧洲人权公约》第15条
human rights
public emergencies
derogations
extraterritorial military operations
Article 15 European Convention on Human Rights
