摘要
美国宪法关于外交权的配置极为原则,但仍然体现了权力制衡的理念,由总统和国会共享外交权.在历史发展过程中,法院先是借助主权理论和联邦制原则,把外交权集中于联邦,防止各州自行其是;后又通过解释行政权的固有性质,将外交权集中于总统.随着国际环境的变化,总统外交权愈加独大,权力制衡被架空,以致成了有限政府的例外.这种例外论夸大了外交的特殊性,而只有回归宪法,才能规范各部门的外交权,维护健康有效的外交法治.
The U.S.Constitution's allocation of diplomatic power is extremely general,but it still embodies the concept of checks and balances of powers.The President and Congress share diplomatic power.In the course of historical development,the Supreme Court have gradually recognized that foreign affairs are political by their nature and thus unsuited to adjudication,that states involvement is inappropriate in foreign affairs,and that the President has the lead role in foreign policymaking.With the changes in the international environment,the President's diplomatic power has become more and more powerful and has been unrestricted.This kind of exceptionalism exaggerates the particularity of foreign affairs and makes diplomatic power be an exceptional sphere of policymaking,separate from domestic law.It is necessary now to drag the constitutional foreign affairs debate back to the text,where constitutional debates ought to begin.
关键词
外交权
宪法权力
制衡
外交例外论
Foreign Relations
Constitutional Law
Checks and Balance
Uniqueness of Foreign Affairs
