摘要
一、引言安徽屯溪市地当皖、浙、赣三省交通要冲,四面环山,地势拔海130.8米,是新安江上游山区的一大商业中心地。解放後,在党的领导下,开始设市,以进行有计划的开发皖南富源,於是屯溪市的面貌,便出现了欣欣向荣的新景象。 1959年3月间,在屯溪市西郊发见了两座西周墓葬,出土有一大群釉陶器和青铜器等珍贵资料。参加这两座墓发掘的人员有:安徽省文化局葛伯和、殷涤非、陆迁献、张道宏,还有休宁县和屯溪的文教局和文化馆干部吴庆钰、舒声祖、郑宝荣等同志。参加这篇报告室内整理的人员中,还有中国科学院考古研究所派刘国强同志为出土器物摄影,安徽省博物馆金润生、陈硕甫两同志分任器物修复和铜器花纹拓印工作。
In March, 1959 the Archaeological Team of the Bureau of Culture, Anhui Province, ex-cavated two Western Chou tombs about five kilometers to the west of the city of T'un Chi. Theywere located to the south of the village of Yi Ch'i Ts'un on the southern bank of the Hsin AnChiang. Both tombs had been disturbed by the tombs of the Han Dynasty which were super-imposed directly above them. And tomb No. 2 in particular had suffered very severe damage. The structure of these two tombs was rather unique, having only the mound but withoutthe tomb pit. To build the tomb, gravels were piled up to form the base which had a rectangularplan. The dead and funerary objects were simply laid out on this gravel base and then the earthwas piled up on them in a haphazard fashion to form the mound. While excavated, tomb No.1 had a mound measuring 33.1 meters in diameter. Its height was 1.75 meters from the baseup to the top of the mound. The base itself had an additional thickness of 25 cm. The struc-ture of tomb No. 2 differs slightly from that of tomb No. 1 in that its gravel base was furthersurrounded by a low wall of gravels. At the time of the excavation, the north and south sidesof this wall were still in good shape, retaining a height of 25 cm and a thickness of 10 cm. All the funerary objects were laid out on the gavel base in an orderly manner. The fact thatthey were found at the eastern end of the tomb seems to indicate that originally they were prob-ably buried near either the head or the feet of the dead. In all, 102 objects were excavated fromthese two tombs, including pottery, bronzes and some implements of jade and stone. The mostsignificant is the discovery of 71 pieces of glazed pottery which are all hand-made, with eitherbrownish or greyish green glaze (Plates XI--XVIII). A spectro-chemical analysis conducted bythe Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Anhui Branch shows that the difference in glazecolor is due to the difference in the proportion of iron contained therein. It has also been ascer-tained that the brownish glaze was applied with a brush while the greyish green glaze wasobtained by soaking the whole vessel into the liquid glaze. For this reason, the latter ware wasglazed on both sides. The shapes of the glazed pottery include the bowl, deep bowl, 'tou', 'tsun','ho', 'p'an', 'kuan', etc. In some cases, the underside of the vessel bears incised marks of anirregular but interesting kind. Judging on the basis of the quantity as well as the variety of theware, the glazed pottery industry of the time must have been developed on a considerable scale.But on the other hand, it was probably still in its infancy from a technical point of view as sug-gested by the absence of wheel-made vessels and the rather crude quality of the glazes. However,the discovery of so many vessels of this unique ware from a closed find of so early a dateis a matter of great importance in both Chinese archaeology and the history of Chinese ceramics.It also raises the question as to the origin of this distinctive type of pottery. The authorsare inclined to the opinion that it was originated in the south and that all the stray finds ofsuch ware at Yin Hsu and other sites of North China were probably imports from the south. Tomb No. 1 has also yielded a large quantity of bronzes including the 'ting', 'kuei'. 'yu'(卣), 'tsun', 'yu' (盂) (Plate IX, f. 1), 'p'an' as well as two unique bell-shaped bronzes with five small columns which were probably some sort of musical instrument (Plate Ⅷ). Butthere were only two bronzes in tomb No. 2: a 'ting' and a 'yu'. A very interesting featureof these bronzes is the unique form (such as the bell-shaped bronzes with five columes) anddecoration found on many of them which indicate very strong regional characteristics. In manyrespects they are reminiscent of the well known pottery of this region with impressed geometricdesign. Of all the bronzes only a 'tsun' has an inscription of three characters on the inside ofthe bottom reading '?父乙'. It appears that all the bronzes were cast in composite moulds.The discovery of so many bronzes with their unique form and decoration will provide us withsome valuable data for the study of the bronze culture of this region. Some of the objects excavated from these two tombs such as the lone hard pottery 'kuan'(罐) (Plate XVII, f. 3), the spinning whorls with their interesting shape (Plate XVIII, f. 5)and the incised marks on the underside of the glazed pottery, suggest influences from the lateNeolithic culture of South China. Careful researches based on these material will probably shedmuch new light on the relationship between the late Neolithic and Bronze culture of SouthChina.
出处
《考古学报》
1959年第4期59-90,112-130,共51页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
