摘要
对中国农业面源污染控制中存在的主要问题进行了剖析。分析指出,中国各主要流域的面源污染控制仍然有较大误区,最主要的问题是没有对点源和面源污染进行分类控制。目前即使在农业面源污染已成为水体污染主要原因的流域,仍以河口、河道地带等末端控制工程建设为主。由于没有遵循农业面源污染控制的基本原则:整个流域统一布局,充分考虑当地农村经济条件和现有种植结构,最大限度照顾农民利益,在源头上对不同类型的污染实行总量控制,因此许多地区高氮、磷养分用量的菜果花农田面积目前仍在大幅度增长,对今后流域治污造成更大难度。根据中国现状,目前在水体污染严重的流域和高污染风险地区,应尽快建立不同类型面源污染的源头控制,从水源保护的需求出发,根据当地气候、水文地质、地形、农田土壤条件,合理划定流域内各级水源保护区,制定并试行相应的限定性农业生产技术标准。充分的试验研究是保障标准的科学性、合理性和可操作性的前提。建议在有条件的地区试行绿箱政策,鼓励和推动农民广泛采用保护环境的替代技术和生产模式,以提高农业资源利用率,促进农业技术的升级换代。
Current policies and projects implemented for controlling water pollution in China were reviewed. The mainproblem is that the controlling prosecution has been mainly concentrated on end-control engineering projects such asestablishment of sewage farm and artificially-built or reclaimed wetland at bayou or watercourse, even in the watershedswhere agriculture is the leading contributor to water eutrophication of the water systems. Because of lacking of source-control policies and technologies for reducing pollutants resulting from agricultural activities, cropping areas for vegetable,fruit tree and flower crops with extremely high nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization increased rapidly in sensitive regionsof watershed. The continuing increase of fertilizer use and animal breeding in rural area of important watersheds makes iteven more difficult in future to restore already heavily eutrophic aquatic ecosystems. To solve the problems, it was suggestedthat the proper regulations to confine environment-unfriendly agricultural activities should be established and implementedin different watersheds as soon as possible. The conventional techniques should be replaced by more environment-friendlyalternatives. Since changes of land use form and technologies might result in income losses of farmers in rural region,effectiveness of such source-control policies depends greatly on that the implemented regulations and techniques shouldbe approved with high financial and social feasibility. To improve efficiency of the source-control, detailed research worksto understand main reasons and generating mechanisms of non-point source pollution from agriculture should be carriedout in watersheds. According to local climate, hydrological, geological, topological, soil and agricultural production conditions,water protection zones of different grades should be defined. Corresponding to the sensitivities of different zones toaquatic ecosystem, the related technical standards for land use form, treating excrements from animal stall, fertilizing,plowing, pesticide spraying, irrigation and rotation should be draw. In watersheds with heavy agricultural non-point sourcepollution, subsidy to farmers might be necessary in order to encourage a wide-spread application of environment-friendlyalternatives in the whole watershed.
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2004年第7期1026-1033,共8页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
农业部重点资助项目
国家科技部"973"资助项目(G1999011806
2002CB410800)
国家科技部重大专项资助项目(K99-05-35-02)
上海市农委资助项目[农科功字(2002)第4-1-4号]
关键词
中国
农业面源污染
形势估计
控制
流域治理
水源保护区
农业生产技术标准
Classification of non-point source pollution
Watershed management
Technological standards foragriculture production in water protection zones
