摘要
道德金规则是伦理学中公正原理的一个浓缩表达。金规则问题可以看作是现代问题的一个典型案例,它表明在这个彻底现代化的时代,一旦失去“价值共识”这个基础,传统的普遍原则就会失去其有效性。传统金规则要得以成立,在逻辑上至少需要两个条件:人际共识和价值共识。通过从“主体观点”到“他者观点”的转换可以提出一个关于道德金规则的新版本,即以“人所不欲,勿施于人”代替“己所不欲,勿施于人”,在“由己及人”的方法论中,可能眼界只有一个,即“我”的眼界,而“由人至人”的方法论则包含了所有的可能眼界,这样才有可能尊重每个人。这个把每个人的精神考虑在内的方法也可以称为“无人被排挤”的原则。这一改变非常必要,它可以根本改变我们思考价值问题的思路和角度。
The Golden Rule could be considered a condensed representation of the universal concept of justice. But it appears now not to be working so well in the context of modernity for lack of the necessary “common agreement in values” in a world of pluralism. The reciprocity defined in the Golden Rule is good if and only if there is only one knowledge/values community. But the conflicts of values have, unfortunately, reduced reciprocity, if it survives at all, into trivial justice. A fundamental turn from “the view of subjectivity” to “the view of otherness” could lead to a new and better version of Golden Rule, that is, replacing the traditional rule of “Do not do unto others what you would not like done to yourself” with the improved rule of “Do not do unto others what they would not like done to themselves.” The subjective view implies that it is “I” who has the authority to decide what will be universally good, right and even true. Therefore, other minds have been logically deprived of their equal rights to be valid minds or hearts. Apparently, the subjectivity has only one vision that emerges with an invisible violence as the negation of the other, while otherness opens up the supposition that all possible visions may be equally effective and hence claims the possibility of respecting each and everyone. The approach that takes everyone into consideration can also be called the rule of “non-exclusion.”
出处
《中国社会科学》
CSSCI
北大核心
2005年第3期70-79,206,共11页
Social Sciences in China
