摘要
本文在简单评叙过去常用于金属材料中晶粒(嵌镶块)大小和微观应变的X射线衍射线形分析方法(分离微晶—微应变二重宽化效应的Fourier分析、方差分析和近似函数三种方法)之后,介绍了作者及合作者近年来发展和建立的分离微晶—微应变、微晶—层错、微应变—层错二重宽化效应和分离微晶—微应力—层错三重宽化效应的一般理论、最小二乘方法和计算程序系列。然后把这些方法用于评价各种典型纳米材料微结构的研究。它们包括:(1)贮氢合金MmB5;(2)面心立方结构纳米NiO的分析,获得微结构参数与热分解温度的关系;(3)体心立方结构的V-Ti基合金在吸放氢过程中的结构变化;(4)用来研究镍氢电池活化前后正极-βNi(OH)2的微结构时,对一般方法作简化,从而了解了-βNi(OH)2在镍氢电池中充放电过程和电池循环过程中的行为;(5)六方纳米ZnO的微结构研究和添加Ca、Sr和混合稀土的Mg-Al合金中的微结构研究;(6)还用于六方(2H-)石墨堆垛无序度的测定。实际应用发现,对不同的纳米材料合理应用分离X射线衍射多重宽化效应的一般理论和方法显得十分重要。实际应用还发现,所提出的分离多重宽化效应的方法,能用于评价和研究纳米材料及其在使用过程微结构的变化,从而把材料性能与微结构参数联系起来,建立性能与结构之间的关系,并已获得不少有益结果。
Progress in research of x-ray diffraction methods and applications for evaluating micro- structure in nano-meter materials have been reviewed. After briefly describing x-ray diffraction profile analysis methods （including three methods of Fourier, variance and special function for separating twofold broadening effects due to the crystallite-micro-strain）used to determine crystallite （mosaic）size and micro- strain of metal materials, general theory, the least square method and computing program for separating twofold due to the crystallite-micro-strain, crystallite-faults, micro-strain-faults and threefold broadening effects and crystallite-strain-faults respectively. Then these methods have been used to evaluate and research the microstructure in various typical nano-meter materials, including MmBa storage hydrogen alloys, NiO with face center cubic （FCC）structure, V-Ti storage hydrogen alloys with body center cubic （BCC） structure, β-Ni（OH）2 using MH/Ni battery, ZnO and Mg-A1 alloys having closed packing hexagonal （CPH）structure. These methods have been used to determine the degree of stacking disorder in 2H- graphite.
It has found that reasonable application of general theory and method separanng mumpie-fold broadening effects for different nano-meter materials is very important. It has also found that proposal methods can be used to evaluate and study the micro-structural change for nano-meter materials. The material per formances are contacted with microstructure parameters and the relationship between properties and structure is established.
出处
《物理学进展》
CSCD
北大核心
2008年第3期280-313,共34页
Progress In Physics
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(资助号20573129)
上海市科委科研计划项目基金资助(No.06JC14028)
