摘要
本研究通过创设收益和损失跨期选择情境,采用不同表征方式(得框架、失框架)的跨期选择任务,分别探讨了收益和损失情境下的跨期选择是否存在得失框架效应,及其是否会受任务难度的影响。结果发现:(1)收益型跨期选择只在任务容易时存在得失框架效应,与失框架相比,被试在得框架下选择即时获益的概率更高;任务困难时得失框架效应消失(实验a);(2)损失型跨期选择中不存在得失框架效应(实验b)。结果表明,得失框架效应在损、益型跨期选择中出现了分离,收益型跨期选择中的得失框架效应的内在认知机制很可能与风险决策中的框架效应类似并且是一种较为初级的认知加工过程。
Human choices are remarkably susceptible to the manner in which options are presented, which can be called ＂framing effect＂ （De Martino, Kumaran, Seymour, ＆ Dolan, 2006）. Growing bodies of studies have demonstrated that the win-loss framing effect was ubiquitous in risk decision-makings. And some other studies also found a so-called framing effect in intertemporal choice, which involved tradeoffs among costs and benefits at different points in time （Frederick, Loewenstein, ＆ Donoghue, 2002）. As a matter of fact, this is an accelerate-delay framing effect, which changes the way of time＇s presentation in options through accelerating or delaying frames. However, it is still unclear whether human choices are modulated by the win-loss frame of available options in intertemporal decision-making. Therefore, the present study used intertemporal choice tasks to explore whether the win-loss framing effects existed in money-gain and money-loss intertemporal choices, and also to explore its possible inner mechanisms. In this study, we conducted two experiments separately in situations of money-gain （Exp. a） and money-loss （Exp. b）, in which subjects were forced to make choices between two amounts of money attained in different delay time in money-gain or loss fictitious scenario stories. In both situations, the intertemporal choices were phrased in win and loss frames, and moreover, the difficulty of the intertemporal choice task in the two experiments was also manipulated through different amounts of money in options. Subjects recruited in Exp. a and Exp. b were thirty （16 male, average age=21.7±1.56） and thirty-eight （14 male, average age=21.92±0.81） respectively, and both experiments were within-subject design. The results showed that, in the money-gain situation, win-loss framing effect occurred when the intertemporal choice task was easy, but disappeared when it was difficult. Specifically, compared to lose framing, the probability of choosing to gain immediately was higher when subjects in gain framing （Exp. a）. In addition, regardless of task difficulty, no framing effect existed in intertemporal choices in the money-loss situation （Exp. b）. In conclusion, the present study suggested that win-loss framing effect existed in intertemporal choices in the money-gain situation and was modulated by the tasks＇ difficulty. But no framing effect existed in intertemporal choices in the money-loss situation. Therefore, win-loss frame was such an indispensable factor of intertemporal choice that should not be ignored. In turn, we should pay more attention to it as well as the contexts of intertemporal choice in the future studies.
出处
《心理学报》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第8期1038-1046,共9页
Acta Psychologica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(81171289)
中央高校基本科研业务经费专项资金(SWU1109009)
西南大学国家重点学科基础心理学211工程项目(NSKD11025)
西南大学研究生科技创新基金优博项目(KY2009013)资助
关键词
跨期选择
框架效应
表征
任务难度
intertemporal choice
framing effect
representation
task difficulty
