摘要
我国北方农牧交错带东段当前很多生态问题与历史农业开发过程是有联系的。从清代顺治朝(1644-1661年)到乾隆朝(1736-1795年)末,该区经历了一次较大的农业垦殖扩张,土地利用方式发生了很大变化。利用《清实录》中顺康雍乾四朝(1644-1795年)清政府对该区进行土地管理与利用的信息,分析该地区农垦区扩张的历史,得出以下结论:(1)四朝以来该区的开垦强度在增大,开垦速度不断加快。乾隆朝新垦速率最快;(2)农耕区的发展呈现新垦区北扩和已垦区内填充式开垦两种形式。从顺治朝到乾隆朝,农耕区界线逐渐北扩,从长城一线以南扩展到太仆寺—多伦—赤峰—围场—敖汉一线境内。开垦界线在雍正朝达到最北,到达科尔沁、阿鲁科尔沁境内,但未达到现代农牧交错带东段北界,这与清初清政府对东蒙地区土地开垦的封禁政策相关;(3)各朝垦殖政策有发展变化,总体来说为厉禁。但在人民生计困难的压力下,面对出关口逃生的流民,政府不得不放松关口的封禁,默许流民进入口外开垦。
The east part of North Agro-pasture Transitional Zone in north China located between the south edge of Inner Mongolia plateau and the Great Wall. It is considered as one of the most sensitive regions of China, for it is in the transitional region among different climatic zones and controlled by the southeast monsoon. The one hand, the area provides human with broad space and huge material production potential, moreover, it plays an important role in the change of regional and global climate and the maintenance of ecological functions; the other hand, the ecological issues of the area are very prominent and ecological environment here is manifold, complex and vulnera- ble, because of the superposition of topography, climate, vegetation and economic activities in the transitional zone of superposition. Arid climate, water deficit are the main features in the area. The relationship between local peo- ple and the environment is very special and important to the locally fragile ecological environment. Some current ec- ological problems being existed in this area are highly correlated with the historical agricultural development. A cli- max of reclamation began from Shunzhi （顺治） to Qianlong（乾隆） Period （ 1644 - 1795）, meanwhile land use patterns in the area also changed. This study area includes 34 cities/counties in the eastern Inner Mongolia, 20 cit- ies/counties in Hebei, 3 counties in northern Beijing, 3 cities/counties in Heilongjiang, 8 cities/counties in Jilin, and 11 cities/counties in the south of Liaoning. In the area, the precipitation is 300 - 450 mm, and dryness is 1 - 2; From the southeast to northwest, the terrain gradually transforms from the northeast plains to Inner Mongolia plateau. The land administration information, such as reclamation policy, bumper ＆ poor harvest, reclamation area and so on, are collected from Actual Annals of the Qing Dynasty（ 《清实录》）in the periods and are analyzed by the methods of historical literature law and information extraction and classification. Based on the records, the paper analyzes the history of cropland expansion and uses ArcGIS to demonstrate it with spatial distribution maps. The main conclusions are as follows： （1） The cropland continuously increased and accelerated during the 152 years, which was cultivated most in the Qianlong Dynasty. （2） Cropland expansion was mainly brought by northward ex- tension of new croplands and refilling in the existed cropland area. The northern boundary of stable cropland area extended northward from the regions to the south of the Great Wall to the line of Taipusi （太朴寺） - Duolun （多伦） -Chifeng（赤峰） -Weichang（围场） -Aohan（敖汉）. The northern boundary of unstable cropland area went on to the furthest north, reaching the line of Horqin（科尔沁） -Aluhorqin（阿鲁科尔沁） in Yongzheng Period, how- ever, it was more southerly than that of the northern boundary of modem cultivation. （3） People＇ s spontaneous reclamation was the main reason of the cropland expansion. （4） The northern pastoral area boundary changes ex- press the change of land administration policy under population pressure. Reclamation policy in the area changed under the four emperors＇ reign and generally it tended to acquiesce in refugees＇ immigrating.
出处
《干旱区地理》
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第6期996-1003,共8页
Arid Land Geography
基金
国家自然科学基金(40901099)
全球变化研究国家重大科学研究计划(2010CB950103)
"十一五"国家科技支撑计划项目(2008BAK50807)资助
关键词
北方农牧交错带东段
农业开发
清代土地管理
east part of North Agro-pasture Transitional Zone
agricultural development process
Qing land administration Dynasty
