摘要
为了明确机械旱直播模式下水稻的产量形成机制,以杂交籼稻(F优498)和常规粳稻(徐稻4号)为试材,通过一次浅旋耕机械旱直播(B1)、"调墒、两旋"机械旱直播(B2)2种机械旱直播处理,并以人工撒播(B3)处理为对照,研究其对直播水稻产量形成的影响及其生理特性。结果表明,品种与直播处理对水稻主要生育时期干物质累积、叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)、结实期剑叶净光合速率与保护酶活性、根系伤流强度、茎秆抗倒伏特性及产量均存在显著影响。不同直播处理下,F优498在产量及生长发育特性各指标上均显著高于徐稻4号。与B3相比,同一品种下机械旱直播各处理均能优化群体茎蘖数,提高成穗率,保证齐穗期适宜的LAI,提高了高效叶面积率,并有利于提高结实期群体光合产物的积累、剑叶净光合速率与保护酶活性、根系伤流量及茎秆抗倒伏能力,并在保证一定数量有效穗的前提下,显著提高穗粒数、结实率及千粒质量,是机械旱直播水稻高产的重要原因。不同机械旱直播处理下,B2比B1处理能进一步提高机直播水稻齐穗至成熟期干物质累积并延缓LAI的衰减、增强根系活力及茎秆的抗倒能力,提高了结实率及千粒质量,最终促进了产量的提高,为最佳的机械旱直播方式。
In order to clarify yield formation mechanism of mechanical dry direct-sowing rice, the objective of this experiment was to study the effects of different mechanical dry direct-sowing modes on growth and development characteristics and yield of rice. Two different rice cultivars of indica hybrid rice F you 498 （143 days growth duration） and conventional japonica rice Xudao 4 （145 days growth duration） were planted with two mechanical dry direct-sowing modes, including a shallow rotary tillage land and mechanic drilling simultaneously （B1）, regulating soil moisture and two rotary tillage before mechanic drilling （B2）. Manual broad-cast sowing （B3） was set as control at the same time. We investigated and performed growth analysis during different growth periods, and determined yield formation and physiological characteristics under different direct-sowing treatments. The dry direct-sowing machine in this study was modified by Nanjing Agricultural University and was re-modified by Sichuan Agricultural University. This machine has six drills and sowed depth 2.0 cm, drill spacing 28.0 cm, working area 1.50 m. Motive power of this machine was the Shanghai New Holland tractor （SNH504）. This test adopted row spacing 20 m ＆#215; 1.5 m, each plot covered 30 m2of seeding amount was 30.0 kg/hm2of indica hybrid rice F you 498, 37.5 kg/hm2 of conventional japonica rice Xudao 4 respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer amount was 180 kg/hm2, and the amount of potash and phosphate were 90 and 180 kg/hm2, respectively. The N application ratios was applied on 4 splits： 50% basal, 30% tillering fertilizer at the third leaf stage, 10% panicle N-fertilizer at the 4th leaves emerged from the top, 10% ear granular fertilizer at the full heading stage. The phosphate fertilizer was applied as base fertilizer. The potash fertilizer application ratio of basic fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and ear granular fertilizer was 2：1：1. The other management measures were at a uniform with high-yield cultivation. The results showed that the variety difference and direct-sowing modes significantly affected dry matter accumulation and leaf area index （LAI） at the mainly growth periods, net photosynthetic rate （Pn） and protective enzyme activities of flag leaves, root bleeding intensity, culm lodging resistance during the grain filling stage and the grain yield. Under different direct-sowing modes, the various indicators on yield and growth characteristics of F you 498 were significantly higher than those of Xudao 4. Compared with B3treatment, rice under mechanical direct-seeding modes could optimize the number of rice tillering, improve the percentage of earbearing tiller, maintain an appropriate LAI and increase efficient leaf area ratio at the full-heading stage. Besides mechanical direct-seeding could improve photosynthetic capacity at the grain filling stage and therefore increase the accumulation of photosynthetic products. In addition,Pn and protective enzyme activities in flag leaves, root bleeding intensity, culm lodging resistance during the grain filling stage under mechanical direct-seeding modes were superior, and rice could gain higher seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight with a number of effective panicles. These outstanding traits should be the important reason for mechanical direct-sowing rice further to increase yield. Under different mechanical direct-sowing modes, compared with B3, B2treatment was the best model in this study referred as the mechanical direct-sowing treatments, which could further promote the dry matter accumulation, alleviate LAI decay, increase root vigor and the ability of culm lodging resistance during grain filling stage, consequently, promoting the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight as well as the grain yield.
出处
《农业工程学报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2014年第20期10-18,共9页
Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering
基金
国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2011BAD16B05,2012BAD04B13,2013BAD07B13)
四川省科技支撑计划项目(2014NZ0041,2014NZ0047)
四川省育种攻关专项(2011NZ0098-15)
关键词
农业机械
农作物
生长
水稻
直播
栽培方式
产量
agricultural machinery
crops
growth
rice
direct-seeding
cultivation pattern
grain yield
