摘要
城市水文学是水文学的一个重要分支,20世纪80年代正式独立成为一门学科.城市水文学发展早期重点关注城市供排水工程设计等水文计算问题.随着全球城市化进程的推进,城市水文过程演化及其伴生效应日益凸显,城市水循环机理发生了深刻变化.城市"雨岛效应"、"干/湿岛效应"等现象日益明显,城市暴雨内涝、水污染等事件频繁发生,这些新问题使城市水文学研究出现了新任务和新领域.目前城市水文学基础研究大体可分为两大主要方向:城市化的水文过程及其伴生效应识别与描述;城市水文过程机理解析与模拟计算.城市化的水文效应方面的研究较多,对"雨岛效应"产生机理的认识也较统一,但对城市"干/湿岛效应"的研究结论在不同地区并不一致.城市化伴生效应方面,近些年对水环境以及水生态效应的研究得到了重视和加强,建立了城市水质模型和生态承载力理论等.城市水文过程机理解析与模拟方面,"自然侧"的降水-产汇流研究比较系统,已建立了包括城市屋面、硬化地面、城市绿地等复杂城市下垫面的降水-蒸发-径流定量模拟模型;"社会侧"对城市用水规律和需求预测研究比较充分,然而对城市人工取用水的耗水机理研究较少.总的来看,城市水文学未来的发展需从城市耗用水机理、城市水文极端事件模拟与综合应对,以及城市群叠加水文效应的定量评估和预测等方面寻求突破.
Urban Hydrology, which officially became an independent subject in the 1980s, is an important branch of hydrology focusing on urban drainage design and other issues of computational hydrological engineering. The advance of global urbanization has meant that both urban hydrology and its associated effects have become increasingly prominent because the hydrological processes of cities have undergone profound change, such that the rain island effect, wet/dry island effect, urban storm-water logging, water pollution, and other water-related events now occur more frequently in urban areas. Urban hydrology must address increasingly complex problems in such rapidly developing areas. Current research on urban hydrology can be divided broadly into two main directions： hydrological effects of urbanization and the simulation of urban hydrological processes. There has been much research on the various aspects of hydrological effects of urbanization, and the mechanism of the rain island effect is relatively well understood. However, research conclusions regarding the urban wet/dry island effect in different regions are inconsistent. Since the second half of the 20th century, research on the water environment has received considerable attention and water-related ecological effects of urbanization have been highlighted, resulting in establishment of water-quality models and theories of urban ecological carrying capacity. Regarding the simulation of urban hydrology, most of the researches are focused on the ＂natural＂ aspects of the rainfall-runoff yield in urban areas; while the few researches on the ＂social＂ aspect are limited in urban-water-demand forecasting. A quantitative precipitation-evaporationrunoff simulation model has also been established, which includes urban roofs, hardened ground, urban green spaces, and other complex urban surfaces. However, studies on the mechanism of ＂artificial＂ water consumption by cities are less comprehensive. Future development of urban hydrology requires a breakthrough with respect to the mechanism of water consumption by cities, in terms of predicting extreme events and simulating urban hydrological responses, and the quantitative assessment and prediction of the hydrological effects of urban cluster development.
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2014年第36期3581-3590,共10页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家自然科学基金(51279208
51109222
51209209
51409275)资助
关键词
城市水文学
城市化
雨岛效应
干湿岛效应
Urban Hydrology, urbanization, rain island effect, wet/dry island effect
