摘要
超载放牧已成为当前中国草地退化的主要诱发因素,牧民追求经济利益最大化的动机是产生超载放牧的根本原因。因此,在牧户差异性的基础上分析不同草原超载主体的异质性,对草原生态保护政策的制定具有重要的理论和实践意义。本研究发现,以中小规模牧户为主的单户、小联户和大联户在草地超载率和超载程度上都是草原超载的主体。为了维持家庭收支平衡和应对家庭未来可能面临的不可知风险,中小规模牧户的实际最小牲畜数量高于理论最小牲畜数量,因此,单户的超载率和超载程度明显高于联户,而以大规模牧户为主的中联户的超载率和超载程度最低。以草畜平衡补偿标准为代表的草原生态补偿政策,由于没有考虑不同规模牧户的差异性,现行的补偿标准只与牧户草地承包面积挂钩,因而忽略了超载牧户的异质性问题,致使中小规模牧户获得的补偿额度无法弥补牧户因补减畜造成的机会损失,产生减畜与补偿的不对等关系,这种补偿不仅不会促进中小规模牧户增收,反而会增大与大规模牧户的收入差距,难以调动广大中、小牧户的减畜积极性,进引发草原生态补偿政策的低效率问题。针对这种现象,政策制定者应考虑牧户的超载差异性来制定具有差别化的草原生态补偿标准,实现牧户减畜和补偿的对等关系。
Overgrazing has become a major inducing factor of grassland degradation,and the motivation of pastoralists seeking to maximize the economic benefits was the root cause of overgrazing.This study found that Single-Households,Small-Joint Households,and Large-Joint Households were the main contributors to grassland overgrazing,especially in terms of the overgrazing rate and degree.In order to maintain the family balance of income and expenditure and cope with the future unknown risks,the actual minimum number of livestock was higher than the theoretical minimum number.Thus,the pasture-overgrazing rate and degree of the SingleHouseholds were significantly higher than the Joint Households,and the Medium-Joint Households were the main contributors while large-scale herders were the least.The households or herders were presented with the Forge-Livestock Balance Incentives of Rangeland Ecological Compensation Policy.The policy did not consider the differences,in scale,of the herdsmen and ignored their heterogeneity and the losses incurred due to reducing livestock.Moreover,the compensation standard was only linked with the area under grassland,owing to which the compensation received by small and medium-scale herders did not pay off the opportunity loss caused by reducing livestock.Therefore,the relationship between reducing livestock and compensation was unequal.As such,the policy could not promote the income of small and medium-scale herders,and widened the income gap with large-scale herders and triggered low efficiency of Rangeland Ecological Compensation Policy.In response to this phenomenon,the government should develop differentiated Rangeland Ecological Compensation Standards,and recognize the peering relationships of reducing livestock and compensation.
出处
《草业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第4期892-901,共10页
Pratacultural Science
基金
甘肃省沙化土地封禁保护补助试点区经济效益监测与评估项目(406/071200006)
公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目"青藏高原社区天然草场草地保护与合理利用技术研究与示范"(20120300610)
中央高校基本科研业务专项资金(15LZUJBEYJ015)
关键词
超载放牧
牧户差异性
中、小规模牧户
草畜平衡
overgrazing
herdsmen＇s differences
small and medium-scale herders
forge-livestock balance
