摘要
道德认知神经科学研究为"大脑是如何建立道德观念的"(Science125个科学前沿问题的第93个问题)这一难题给出了初步回答.这些研究主要集中在3个方面,即道德判断的脑机制、道德情绪的脑机制和道德的整合性脑机制模型.道德判断的脑区涉及背外侧前额叶、颞叶前部和颞顶连接处等与认知加工相关的部位,以及腹内侧前额叶、眶前额叶、前扣带回和杏仁核等与情绪加工相关的部位.移情、内疚和钦佩等道德情绪能够激活腹内侧前额叶、前扣带回和前脑岛等部位.代表性的整合性脑机制模型有道德判断的双加工理论、事件-特征-情绪复合模型理论、三重脑理论,以及合作与利他惩罚的脑机制模型.未来的研究应整合已有研究成果,逐步提高生态效度,综合采用多种方法和丰富拓展研究视角.
＂Is morality hardwired into the brain＂ is a major problem that have long puzzled philosophers.Since Piaget and Kohlberg,morality gradually comes into the view of psychological research.In the 21st century,morality has become a new growing point of cognitive neuroscience research and moral cognitive neuroscience has emerged.Current moral cognitive neuroscience studies give a preliminary answer to the above puzzle.These studies focus on three aspects： the brain mechanism of moral judgment,the brain mechanism of moral emotion and the integrative brain mechanism models of morality.Moral judgement is a process of individuals＇ moral evaluation of their own or others＇ behavior according moral principles which is the interaction of cognition and emotion.Therefore,the brain regions of moral judgment not only consist of some brain areas related to cognitive process which include DLPFC,ATL and TPJ,but also involve some brain areas related to emotional process which include VMPFC,OFC,ACC and amygdala.Moral emotions are some complex emotions which arise from moral evaluation of one＇s own of others＇ behavior and affect the occurrence and change of moral behavior,such as empathy,guilt and admiration,etc.Many studies show that the main brain areas of cognitive empathy are VMPFC and TPJ,and the core brain areas of emotional empathy include ACC,AI and mirror-neuron system.On the one hand,positive empathy has some same brain mechanism with negative empathy,for instance,both of them can activate left AI.On the other hand,there are certain cognitive neuroscience difference between positive empathy and negative empathy.Positive empathy activates the brain reward system,but negative empathy activate the right AI.The brain areas of guilt are mainly in VMPFC,precuneus,TP,ACC and insula.Admiration for virtue can activate posterior PMC,ACC,anterior insula,hypothalamus and folia cerebelli.The main integrative brain mechanism models of morality are dual-process theory of moral judgment,Event-Feature-Emotion Complexes,Triune Brain Theory,and brain mechanism models of cooperation and altruistic punishment.In the point view of dual-process theory of moral judgment,moral judgement which is related to explicit cognitive reasoning process and implicit emotional motivation process needs comprehensive function of VMPFC,PCC,precuneus,amygdala,ACC,inferior parietal cortex and DLPFC.The main components of Event-Feature-Emotion Complexes are structured event knowledge,social perception and functional features,and central motive states.According to Triune Brain Theory,the neural bases of safety ethic,engagement ethic and imagination ethic are reptilian brain,paleomammalian brain and eomammalian brain respectively.Cooperative decision-making is based on the interaction of reward system,cognitive control system and social cognition system.The brain mechanism model of altruistic punishment includes three system： reward,cognition and emotional regulation.Future researches should integrate the existing research results,improve ecological validity gradually,use many methods synthetically,and rich and expand research perspectives.
出处
《科学通报》
EI
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2017年第25期2867-2875,共9页
Chinese Science Bulletin
基金
国家社会科学基金(14CSH017)资助
关键词
道德
道德判断
道德情绪
认知神经机制
morality
moral judgment
moral emotion
cognitive neural mechanism
