摘要
本文从璋的定名、起源、加工工艺、内涵与用途以及社会史研究等方面入手,梳理了前人对璋的研究,发现被学术界称为"牙璋"的器物,与古籍文献中记载的牙璋并不完全一致。关于璋的起源,有山东起源说、陕北起源说、中原起源说三种意见,其中,笔者更为认同山东起源说。对璋内涵与用途的研究,已被考古发掘所验证的是璋可用于祭祀礼神和丧葬敛尸,而其他新说还有待检验。关于璋加工工艺的研究,主要集中在复原璋的加工工序与推测可能的加工工具,而关于璋的大平面切割、琢磨工艺的问题尚待深入研究。目前,学术界公认璋"可能是解开早期国家之谜的一把钥匙",而要用好这把钥匙,就有必要从工程史角度出发,结合新的考古发掘实物和多样的检测分析技术手段,进一步展开对璋的综合研究。
This paper reviews the current researches on the Zhang,a kind of ancient Chinese jade,in terms of its naming,origin,processing technique,purposes,and social implications.The author finds that the artifact currently called the Yazhang,one kind of the Zhang,by the academic community is totally irrelevant to the Yazhang in the ancient literature.As for the origin of the Zhang,there are three sorts of views,i.e.,the Zhang was originated in Shandong,in Northern Shaanxi or in the central plains of China,and the first one holds more likely.As for the connotation and purpose of the Zhang,what has been verified by archaeological excavations is for sacrifice rituals and funeral,while other new ideas need to be tested yet.As for the processing technique of the Zhang,the focus has been putting on restoration of the processing steps and clarification of the possible processing tools,while the problems of large plane cutting and grinding process needs to be further investigated.Overall,the researchers agree that the Zhang“may be a key to unlock the mystery of the early nations”,but the best way to“unlock”it shall be to further explore the Zhang with the new archaeological excavation and a variety of detection and analysis techniques from the perspective of engineering history.
作者
陈雯
Chen Wen(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)
关键词
关璋
牙璋
礼器
Zhang
Yazhang
ritual vessel
