摘要
生态保护红线作为创新制度写入2015年实施的《环境保护法》到2017年党的十九大报告将其列为生态文明体制改革的重要内容,体现了国家亟须改善生态环境、保障生态安全的强烈愿景。生态保护红线制度的实现关键取决于法律责任的落实。本文的主要目的是:厘清生态保护红线功能定位,剖析全国生态保护红线法律责任承担主体、具体违法行为和责任承担方式的实践样态与未来发展。本文主要运用实证分析、比较分析、归纳分析的方法,对生态保护红线法律责任的理论解剖与路径选择展开对比探究。生态保护红线并不是以环境要素的"污染"和"破坏"作为法律规制的判断依据,而是以人类行为是否合理使用生态空间作为判断的标准。从法律责任承担主体分析,它不以私人主体权利限制为中心而是围绕政府生态环境义务展开,是政府责任从权力本位到责任本位的重大转变。从生态红线具体违法行为解读,不同主体的违法行为进行分类与列举,归纳私人主体与公权力主体承担风险行为的一般规律。从责任承担方式深究,生态红线所保护的"法益"是对国家生态安全的保障,以"法益"为标准判断其所应当承担公法责任;以生态保护红线违法行为是否构成犯罪为界限,依次配置刑事责任与行政责任;当生态保护红线中违法行为不构成犯罪时,依据行为人身份不同相应承担行政责任。生态保护红线在践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"的观念中发挥着重要战略性作用,但其制度能否真正落地,在于对其应然功能的准确定位与法律责任的整体性谱系。
As an innovation system,the red line for ecological protection,has been written in the Environmental Protection Act of 2015 and was listed as the important content of the reform of ecological civilization system by the 19th CPC National Congress report in 2017,which embodied the strong desire of the country to improve ecological environment and guarantee ecological security.The key in realizing the red line of ecological protection was to implement legal responsibility.The main purpose of this paper was to analyze the main body liable for legal responsibility and specific practice forms of illegal behavior of the red line of ecological protection and the practice forms and future tendency of ways of assuming the responsibility based on clarifying the function of the red line for ecological protection.This paper mainly applied the methods of empirical analysis,comparative analysis and normative analysis to clearly define the legal responsibility of the red line of ecological protection.‘Ecological red line’regards whether human behavior rationally use ecological space as the standard,rather than regarding‘pollution’and‘destruction’of environmental elements as a judgment for legal regulation.The main contents of legal responsibility of the red line of ecological protection included:a major shift of the government s responsibility from power standard to responsibility standard;that is,to analyze from the aspect of the main body liable for legal responsibility,and revolve around the ecological environment obligation of the government instead of being centered on the right limit of a person;to sum up general rules of risk-taking behaviors of private subjects and public power subjects based on the interpretation of specific illegal behaviors of the ecological red line and classifying and enumerate the illegal behaviors of different subjects.First,from the aspect of the ways of assuming responsibility,the legal interest that the red line for ecological protection protects is a guarantee for national ecological security regarding the legal interest as the standard that the public law liability shall be taken.Second,criminal responsibility and administrative responsibility are allocated successively according to whether the illegal act violating the red line of ecological protection constitutes a crime.Finally,when the illegal act of the red line of ecological protection does not constitute a crime,the administrative liability shall be assumed according to the identity of the actor.The red line of ecological protection plays an important strategic role in the practice of‘green mountains are gold and silver mountains’,but whether the law will be implemented relies on the accurate positioning of function and the entire spectrum of the legal responsibility.
作者
莫张勤
MO Zhang-qin(Guanghua School of Law,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou Zhejiang 310012,China)
出处
《中国人口·资源与环境》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2018年第11期112-119,共8页
China Population,Resources and Environment
基金
国家社科基金青年项目"大数据视野社会治理建设评估方法及其应用研究"(批准号:18CFX002)
关键词
生态保护红线
法律责任
生态安全
规范性文本
red line of ecological protection
legal responsibility
ecological security
normative text
