摘要
明初鼓励天下军民上言四方利弊,上言者的身份和言事内容几无限制。洪武时期,明廷即为议处四方建言创设了一项会议制度。这类会议由礼部主持,参议者至正统末年固定为九卿堂上官和六科掌印官。会议举行的频率,正统时期规定每月一次,成弘时期基本是一年两次。简单事项,会议时直接作出决定;需查议者,会后由各该管部门详议复奏。明代前中期言路顺畅,与这种专门会议有直接关系。只是到了嘉靖中期,国家多故,这类会议渐趋弛废。建言民情会议因其周期和参议者稳定,与明代多数因事召集的会议很不相同,不可不察而将文献中专门针对此类会议的记载视为明代的一般会议。建言民情会议是明代会议制度化程度之高的一个表现,也不失为古代国家治理史上一项有益的创举。
Emperor Taizu of Ming encouraged common people to point out the malpractices of national governance.The identity and proposal content of speakers were almost unlimited.During the Hongwu period,the Ming Court held joint conferences to deal with these proposals.The conferences were hosted by the Ministry of Rites and the participants were fixed to the nine Great Chief Ministers and the six Chief Supervising Secretaries by the late Zhengtong period.The cycle of the conference was to be held once a month in the Zhengtong period,and changed to twice a year in the Chenghua and Hongzhi period.The simple motions could be decided directly during the conference,while the complex matters would be discussed and reported to the emperor after the meeting.The smooth communication between the Court and the common people before the mid-Ming dynasty had a direct relationship with this special conference.But by the midJiajing period,many events happened and this kind of conference was gradually cancelled.Due to the stability of its meeting cycle and participants,the proposal conference was quite different from most meetings convened on account of various issues in the Ming dynasty.There are many records of such conferences in the historical materials,which cannot be misunderstood as general meetings of the Ming dynasty.The proposal conference is a manifestation of the high degree of institutionalization of Ming dynasty’s conferences.It is also a beneficial initiative in the governance history of ancient countries.
出处
《史学月刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第10期29-39,共11页
Journal of Historical Science
关键词
明代
建言民情会议
礼部
Ming Dynasty
Proposal Conference on the Conditions of the People
Ministry of Rites
