摘要
人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)自1956年诞生以来,在60多年的发展历史中,一直存在两个相互竞争的范式,即符号主义与连接主义(或称亚符号主义).二者虽然同时起步,但符号主义到20世纪80年代之前一直主导着AI的发展,而连接主义从20世纪90年代才逐步发展起来,到21世纪初进入高潮,大有替代符号主义之势.今天看来,这两种范式只是从不同的侧面模拟人类的心智(或大脑),具有各自的片面性,依靠单个范式不可能触及人类真正的智能.需要建立新的可解释和鲁棒的AI理论与方法,发展安全、可信、可靠和可扩展的AI技术.为实现这个目标,需要将这两种范式结合起来,这是发展AI的必经之路.本文将阐述这一思想,为叙述方便,我们称符号主义为第一代AI,称连接主义为第二代AI,将要发展的AI称为第三代AI.
There have been two competing paradigms of artificial intelligence(AI) development since 1956, i.e.,symbolism and connectionism(or subsymbolism). Both started at the same time, but symbolism had dominated AI development until the end of the 1980s. Connectionism began to develop in the 1990s and reached its climax at the beginning of this century, and it is likely to displace symbolism. Today, it seems that the two paradigms only simulate the human mind(or brain) in different ways and have their own advantages. True human intelligence cannot be achieved by relying on only one paradigm. Both are necessary to establish a new, explainable, and robust AI theory and method and develop safe, trustworthy, reliable, and extensible AI technology. To this end,it is imperative to combine the two paradigms, and the present article will illustrate this idea. For the sake of description, symbolism, connectionism, and the newly developed paradigm are termed as first-, second-, and third-generation AIs.
作者
张钹
朱军
苏航
Bo ZHANG;Jun ZHU;Hang SU(Institute for Artificial Intelligence,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)
出处
《中国科学：信息科学》
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第9期1281-1302,共22页
Scientia Sinica(Informationis)
基金
国家自然科学基金重点国际合作项目(批准号:61620106010)资助。
关键词
人工智能
符号主义
连接主义
双空间模型
单空间模型
三空间模型
artificial intelligence
symbolism
connectionism
dual-space model
single-space model
triple-space model
