摘要
元祐以后至北宋之末,中央行政体制虽施行三省聚议及合班奏事之法,尚书省亦以“批状”作为处理日常政务的文书形式,但终未在制度上对三省机构进行实质性改变,而宰执“批状”处理权亦秉承熙宁十年诏令,置于皇帝的约束之下,并未如北宋前期之故事。这一局面直到南宋才有大的变化。南宋时之“三省合一”是对元丰改制以来中央行政体制的一次大调整,其调整方案依据的则是司马光等人的《乞合两省为一》的奏札。这一制度调整,在机构设置和权力划分上表现为三省实际行政长贰的合一,以及具体办事机构和吏员裁减等诸多方面。在中枢政务运作方面,则实行给事中、中书舍人列衔同奏等行政程序简化措施,而尚书省亦能独立以批状处理日常政务,且此权力较之北宋当有所增重。只有综合考虑中枢政务运作与三省长官及机构设置问题,才能真正明白南宋“三省合一”的内容和实质。
From the Yuanyou Reign to the end of the Northern Song, the central administrative system adopted the practice of discussing an issue among the Three Departments and submitting a joint memorial to the Emperor, and the Department of State Affair used pizhuang for the everyday administration, while the institutions of the Three Departments were not really reformed and the State Councilors used pizhuang under the supervision of the emperor according to the edict of the tenth year of the Xining Reign, which was different from the previous practice in the early Northern Song. This situation did not change until the Southern Song. The establishment of the Integrated Three Departments was an adjustment of the central administrative system established since the Yuanfeng Reform, which was based upon the memorial of Sima Guang, appealing to aligning the two Departments. This adjustment integrated the duties of the heads of the Three Departments and reduced offices and staff. As for the central administration, the Supervising Sectaries and the Drafters listed their titles and submitted joint memorials, which simplified the administrative process, and the Department of State Affairs had more power than it did in the late Northern Song and could use pizhuang to deal with everyday administration independently. To understand the system of the Integrated Three Departments, we should consider both the practice of the central administration and the staff and offices of the Three Departments.
出处
《学术研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2020年第11期110-118,178,共10页
Academic Research
