摘要
【目的】以福建省平和县特色柑橘品种琯溪蜜柚为实验材料,进行不同分级花的形态和落花落果的养分含量及其脱落损耗的养分定量化研究,以期为蜜柚开花坐果期的养分管理和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】在平和县坂仔镇优势种植区选取盛果期琯溪蜜柚(8~15年生),分别开展不同分级花(Ⅰ-Ⅴ级)的形态、生物量、养分浓度特性以及落花落果的动态收集、生物量和养分损耗定量化研究。【结果】琯溪蜜柚花的长度、宽度、长宽比、鲜质量、干质量及含水量特性均随花发育进程(从花蕾到开花,即Ⅰ至Ⅴ级)的增加而显著增加,除开花期(Ⅴ级花)的长宽比接近1.0最小外,且不同分级花的鲜质量增加高于干质量,而开花前花的长度增加高于宽度。同时,不同分级花的养分含量间也差异显著,表现为氮(N)、钙(Ca)和硼(B)含量随琯溪蜜柚花器官生长发育进程而逐渐下降,钾(K)含量则逐渐上升,磷(P)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和锌(Zn)含量呈现出先下降后上升的变化,而锰(Mn)含量在各分级花间的变化不显著。另外,琯溪蜜柚开花坐果期的单株落花数、落果数及其生物量分别为2080个、1264个和636.8 g,且均在盛花后41 d达到峰值;定量化落花落果养分损失揭示,单株琯溪蜜柚大中量元素N 21.6 g、P 2.2 g、K 7.7 g、Ca 2.6 g和Mg 1.3 g以及微量元素Fe 36.4 mg、Mn 21.6 mg、Cu 7.5 mg、Zn 33.2 mg和B 28.7 mg被损耗。【结论】基于琯溪蜜柚花生长发育的养分需求和落花落果养分损失特性,生产中应重视开花坐果期的养分管理,探索花量控制措施,及时补充损失的养分。
【Objective】Pinghe county(24º02'-24º35'N,116º54'-117º31'E)is located in the hilly region in Fujian Province,southern China,with acidic red soils,and has a subtropical oceanic monsoon climate with an annual mean air temperature and precipitation of 21.7℃and 1865.1 mm,respectively,which is beneficial for crop production.It is famous for Guanximiyou pomelo production,which has a planting area of 4.6×104 hm2 and a fruit yield of 176.6×104 t in China.However,there has been poor research about the characteristics of flower growth and nutrient loss due to flower and fruit abscission in pomelo trees.【Methods】In the flowering and fruit setting period from middle February to early April,8-15 year old Guanximiyou pomelo trees in orchards in the dominant planting area of Banzai town,Pinghe county were selected as the experimental material to study the flower biological characteristics,including length,width,ratio of length to width,fresh weight,dry weight,water content,and nutrient concentrations in different flower classifications(Ⅰ-Ⅴgrade from bud to blooming).Dynamics of flower and fruitlet drop and biomass in falling flowers and fruit were traced,and the contents of nutrients including nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg),iron(Fe),manganese(Mn),copper(Cu),zinc(Zn),and boron(B)were determined.The nutrient loss due to flower and fruit drop in pomelo trees was quantified.The results of the experiment will provide a scientific basis for nutrient management and rational fertilization in pomelo production during the flowering and fruiting period.【Results】Flower length,width,and ratio of length to width changed significantly with flower development.FromⅠtoⅤgrade of flowers,the length increased from 8.1 to 22.5 mm,and the width from 5.6 to 22.8 mm,resulting in changes in the ratio of length to width.Besides,there were significant differences in fresh weight,dry weight,and water content between flower grades.The flower fresh weight increased from 467.9 to 2977.1 mg fromⅠtoⅤgrade,while the dry weight from 85.2 to 427.1 mg.Thus flower fresh weight increased faster than dry weight,resulting in gradual increase in flower water content from the initial bud to the blooming stage.The concentrations of N,Ca and B decreased gradually by 26.9%,20.2%and 31.7%from gradeⅠto gradeⅤ,respectively.In contrast,the concentration of K increased by 23.2%in gradeⅤcompared with grade I flower.However,the concentrations of P,Mg,Fe,Cu,and Zn decreased first and then increased with the development of flower organs,while the concentrations of Mn maintained relative constant in different flower stages.The order of element concentrations was N>K>Ca>P>Mg>Zn>Fe>B>Mn>Cu during the flowering period.The numbers of flower and fruit drop and their biomass followed a trend of first rising and then declining and peaked at 41 d after flowering.For a single pomelo tree,the numbers of fallen flowers and fallen fruit,and their biomass reached 2080,1264,and 636.8 g respectively.The concentrations of the macro-elements,N,P,K,Ca,and Mg,in the fallen flowers and fruit were 30.7-36.8,3.3-3.8,11.0-13.6,3.7-4.4,and 1.8-2.3 mg·g^(-1),respectively,while those of Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,and B were 48.1-68.6,30.0-37.3,10.9-13.2,38.8-69.6,and 40.2-53.6 mg·kg^(-1),respectively.The nutrient loss with the,falling flowers and fruit was 21.6 g for N,2.2 g for P,7.7 g for K,2.6 g for Ca,1.3 g for Mg 36.4 mg for Fe,21.6 mg for Mn,7.5 mg for Cu,33.2 mg for Zn,and 28.7 mg for B in a pomelo tree.【Conclusion】A large number of fallen flowers and fruit of pomelo plants not only consume a lot of nutrients but also affect the flower quality,fruit set,and fruit quality,and finally reduce the economic income of farmers.To prevent the biomass and nutrient loss due to excessive flower and fruit drop,the comprehensive management involving control of flower quantity and optimizing fertilization with both soil and foliar applications,should be applied especially during flowering period in‘Guanximiyou’pomelo orchards to improve its productivity and fruit quality.
作者
张利军
罗自威
王玉雯
王晓华
徐凯悦
许修柱
吴良泉
李延
郭九信
ZHANG Lijun;LUO Ziwei;WANG Yuwen;WANG Xiaohua;XU Kaiyue;XU Xiuzhu;WU Liangquan;LI Yan;GUO Jiuxin(College of Resources and Environment,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation,Fuzhou 350002,Fujian,China;International Magnesium Institute,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou 350002,Fujian,China)
出处
《果树学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第4期520-529,共10页
Journal of Fruit Science
基金
国家自然科学基金(31801947)
福建省自然科学基金(2018J01708)
国家现代农业(柑橘)产业技术体系(CARS-26-01A)
福建农林大学科技创新专项基金(CXZX2017229)
福建农林大学国际镁营养研究所科研基金(IMI2018-08)。
关键词
琯溪蜜柚
落花落果
花分级
生物量
养分损失定量化
Guanximiyou pomelo
Falling flower and fruit
Flower classification
Biomass
Nutrient loss quantification
