摘要
马克思的政治哲学讨论通常显示出一种二元的抑或戏仿的写作特征,这在本质上是唯物辩证法的文本样态。通过自觉或非自觉的戏仿写作,马克思既彰显了批判锋芒,又保持了通向革命的实践审慎。政治哲学的戏仿起初是马克思用以应对普鲁士语境的自觉的写作策略和意图,而后进一步发展为启蒙批判的文本意识,以启蒙的话语来揭示后启蒙时代资本主义社会的内在矛盾。在历史唯物主义的完整呈现中,戏仿不仅表达为"消灭哲学"的哲学,更表达为消灭"永恒真理"的真理诉求。正是通过对近代政治哲学文本的戏仿,马克思"破坏"了压制现实性的语词世界,使得文本及其意义掌握了改变历史的物质力量,并促使文本的意义在后世不断突破语词边界,在今人的阅读和实践中获得延异。
About the texts of Marxian political philosophy, there have been three disputes. One is the"Tucker-Wood thesis", which indicates that the concepts of political philosophy never exist in the texts. The second is contextual research, which believes that the political situation of class struggle naturally pushes the texts self-constructed as political philosophy. The third is the ethical study, which believes that normative values are the original intention throughout all Karl Marx’s life. However, these studies have not analyzed the historical foundation and objective political conditions that Marx faced in the eyes of Marx himself, nor have they answered the question of how Marxian political philosophy texts are possible as a guidance for the revolutionary practice for more than a century.Returning to the methodology and objects of criticism in Marxian political philosophy, it is obvious that parody is a textual clue. Before 1844, parody was a writing strategy Marx had to adopt. Under the strict censorship system, Marx had to use terms parodying Hegel’s political philosophy to reveal the reactionary Prussian political system.However, with the beginning of life in exile and the formation of historical materialism, the strategic and straightforward parody writing turned to a metaphorical, unconscious writing habit, which is intuitively reflected in Marx’s references of ancient philosophy, enlightenment political philosophy,and Hegelian philosophy. This makes readers inevitably fall into a paradox. If the Marxian text is equated with the political teachings for the proletariat, then the concepts that constitute these teachings are obviously closely related to the philosophy and economics. If the Marxian text is regarded as the continuation of the political philosophy tradition since Plato, it is difficult to explain why Marx used the historical resources to "abolish philosophy". Through the parody of classical philosophy, Marx demonstrated the revolutionary value of the tradition of returning to the classical since the Renaissance,indicating the possibilities that reason can further realize subjectivity in modern times. Through parody of Rousseau’s philosophy, Marx revealed the lack of meaning of the republican tradition that has been regarded as political correctness since the Enlightenment, indicating the contradiction between abstract political liberation and its theoretical basis. Through the parody of Hegelian philosophy of right, Marx applied the dialectics once regarded as idealist methodology in a materialistic way, revealing the objective consistency between natural historical laws and materialist dialectics, pointing out the possibility of the revolutionary practice as a scientific program.Compared with political economics or scientific socialism, the parody of Marxian political philosophy texts is particularly prominent. The absence of terminologies such as justice and freedom that make analytical Marxist researchers quite satisfied is indeed a way Marx tried to "deconstruct" the prior texts as much as possible to inspire the critical thinking and class consciousness of the proletarian readers through keeping a distance from texts and concepts derived from the history of thought. The historical science that negates traditional values has troubled the ethical researchers but it is actually Marx’s way of staying prudent in the discussions on politics and normative values which are generated objectively and historically. In fact, parody writing embodies the dialectical relationship between Marx and the ideology of his time. This relationship eventually evolved into the Marxian reconstruction of the meaning of revolution in the dimension of modernity. Certainly, it is precisely by using parody as a faithful way to express dialectics that Marxian political philosophy texts have realized the meaning in different forms, showing the possibility of textual meaning that can advance with the times, as well as providing the proletariat with the textual meaning that can be absorbed in revolutionary practices.
作者
包大为
Bao Dawei(School of Marxism,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第3期5-15,共11页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基金
教育部哲学社会科学研究2018年度重大课题攻关项目(18JZD056)。
关键词
政治哲学
马克思
戏仿
真理程序
political philosophy
Karl Marx
parody
truth program
