摘要
【目的】温度、光照和降水是影响玉米生长发育的关键气象因子。探讨关键气象因子与氮素吸收运转及产量形成的关系,以期最大限度地提高春玉米对气候资源及氮素的利用效率。【方法】以先玉335(XY335)和郑单958(ZD958)为供试品种,进行了两年田间定位试验。设早(4月24日)、中(5月4日)、晚(5月14日)3个播期处理,测定了营养生长期和生殖生长期玉米干物质和氮素累积量及籽粒的运转率,在成熟期测产。利用Hybrid-Maize模型,结合当地气象数据对不同播期处理的产量差及光温资源匹配进行综合模拟与评价。【结果】XY335在早、中、晚播期的干物质积累量分别为21233、21249、20311 kg/hm^(2);氮素积累量分别为184.2、192.5、171.1 kg/hm^(2);氮素转运率分别为35.1%、45.7%、35.8%;氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率分别为19.4%、29.6%、23.9%;ZD958在早、中、晚播期的干物质积累量分别为21031、20637、20405 kg/hm^(2);氮素积累量分别为173.7、163.4、154.9 kg/hm^(2);氮素转运率分别为39.2%、36.4%、25.6%;氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率分别为32.7%、25.4%、13.7%。XY335在中播处理下产量最高,较早播处理和晚播处理分别增加9.9%和17.4%;ZD958在两个试验年份均为晚播处理产量最低,两年平均较早播、中播处理分别减少8.6%、5.4%;品种间比较,XY335产量受生殖生长阶段日均温影响较大,ZD958产量增加与全生育期太阳总辐射量、营养生长期天数关系较为密切。播期和品种不同造成的产量差异主要与VT—R6期干物质累积量与氮素累积量有关,XY335在花后氮素转运效率优势明显,其产量增加受生殖生长阶段日均温影响较大,ZD958产量增加与营养生长期天数、全生育期总辐射量有关。【结论】播期和品种不同造成的产量差异主要与开花后的干物质累积量与氮素累积量有关,提升氮素转运量可有效促进增产。XY335在花后氮素转运效率优势明显,其产量增加受生殖生长阶段日均温影响较大,ZD958产量增加与营养生长期天数、全生育期总辐射量有关。在本试验条件下,XY335适宜在5月4日左右播种,ZD958适宜早播。
【Objectives】Temperature,light,and precipitation are the key meteorological factors affecting the growth and development of maize.This study was designed to understand the relationship between key meteorological factors and N absorption,crop yield to maximize the efficiency of climate and N resources of spring maize.【Methods】The spring maize cultivars,Xianyu 335(XY335)and Zhengdan 958(ZD958),were used as test materials in a two-year field experiment in Jilin Province.The treatments were three sowing dates:April 24th,May 4th,and May 14th,representing early,mid,and late sowing dates.The dry matter and N accumulation,N translocation rate,and grain formation before and after anthesis were investigated.We combined the Hybrid-Maize model with local meteorological data to comprehensively simulate and evaluate the yield difference among treatments.Further,light and temperature resources were matched at different sowing dates.【Results】For cultivar XY335,the dry matter accumulation in the early,middle,and late sowing dates were 21233,21249,20311 kg/hm^(2);the N accumulation was 184.2,192.5,and 171.1 kg/hm^(2);N transfer rates were 35.1%,45.7%,and 35.8%;and the rates of N contribution to grain were 19.4%,29.6%,and 23.9%.For cultivar ZD958,the dry matter accumulation in the early,middle,and late sowing dates were 21031,20637,and 20405 kg/hm^(2);N accumulation was 173.7,163.4,and 154.9 kg/hm^(2);N transfer rates were 39.2%,36.4%,and 25.6%;and the contribution rates of N transfer to grain were 32.7%,25.4%,and 13.7%,respectively.XY335 had the highest yield under the middle sowing date,9.9%and 17.4%higher than early and late sowing dates.ZD958 had a higher yield under early sowing date,8.6%higher than the late sowing date.The yield of XY335 was mainly affected by the daily average temperature during the reproductive growth stage.In contrast,the yield of ZD958 was closely related to the total solar radiation of the whole growing period and the days of the vegetative growth period.The yield difference was mainly related to the dry matter and N accumulation across the VT-R6 period.XY335 had improved N transport efficiency after flowering,requiring a high average daily temperature in the reproductive growth stage.ZD958 needed longer days for high yield accumulation throughout the growth period.【Conclusions】Yield differences are caused by sowing dates and cultivars due to high dry matter and N accumulation after anthesis.This situation increases N transfer to grains and consequently improves yield.XY335 recorded an efficient N accumulation and transfer rate after anthesis.Our results suggest that the middle sowing date(May 4th)is suitable for the XY335 cultivar.However,the yield accumulation of ZD958 requires a long-term for high cumulative radiation,implying that early sowing(April 24th)is suitable for this cultivar.
作者
展文洁
张吉旺
袁静超
梁尧
程松
张水梅
任军
刘剑钊
蔡红光
ZHAN Wen-jie;ZHANG Ji-wang;YUAN Jing-chao;LIANG Yao;CHENG Song;ZHANG Shui-mei;REN Jun;LIU Jian-zhao;CAI Hong-guang(Agricultural Resources and Environment Institute,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires.Changchun,Jilin 130033,China;College of Resources and Environmental Sciences,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210095,China;Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology,Tai’an,Shandong 271018,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2021年第10期1725-1734,共10页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
吉林省科技厅重点研发项目(20200403167SF)
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-07-G-6)。
