摘要
"揭帖"原为明仁宗即位后特许近臣密陈朝政得失的公文,后演变为内阁专享的密奏文书,故称"密揭"。明代中后期,密揭成为内阁与皇帝沟通的主要方式,内容包括商榷票拟、随事指陈和承谕答对,直接影响最高决策的形成。密揭一般不抄传于邸报,只有万历十九年争国本风波后至天启中,阁臣为取信于外廷,常主动将密揭发抄。密揭有内阁公揭和阁臣私揭之分,阁臣呈进私揭的频率是其政治地位的重要标识。密揭与题奏本、公揭与私揭的差别,在阁臣文集和奏议集中有不同方式的体现。内阁在明代政治中发挥的作用,除辅助决策之外,还有协调皇帝与外廷,明人称为"调燮"。尤其在晚明的特殊政治生态中,内阁协调内外的作用在时人关于内阁密揭的争议中得到充分体现,这种作用是其他朝臣乃至宦官都无法实现的。
"Jietie" were originally secret official documents in which court officials were authorized by Emperor Renzong of the Ming Dynasty to evaluate the pros and cons of court policies. Later, they were developed into documents exclusively used by the Grand Secretariat to send secret memorials, so they were also called "Mijie"("secret memorials"). In the mid and late Ming Dynasty, secret memorials became the main mode of communication between the Grand Secretariat and the emperor and they could be used by the Grand Secretariat to submit their "piaoni"(drafts of suggested rescripts for the emperor’s approval), state opinions about state aff airs and answer the emperor’s questions, thus directly infl uencing the formation of top decisions. The secret memorials were typically not reproduced in "dibao"(the court bulletin) except during the period from the 19 th year under Emperor Wanli’s reign to the middle of Emperor Tianqi’s reign, when members of the Grand Secretariat would purposely circulate these secret memorials in order to gain the trust of the outer court. Secret memorials were categorized into those submitted by the Grand Secretariat as a whole(collective secret memorials) and those submitted directly to the emperor by a certain individual Grand Secretariat member(individual secret memorial). How often a Grand Secretariat member submitted secret memorials directly to the emperor indicated his political status in the Grand Secretariat. The diff erence between secret and regular memorials and that between collective secret and individual secret memorials are refl ected in various ways in the collected works or collections of memorials of the Grand Secretariat members. In addition to assisting in decision-making, the Ming Dynasty Grand Secretariat also functioned to coordinate the relationship between the emperor and the outer court, known as "tiaoxie". Especially in the political environment of the late Ming Dynasty, this special role played by the Grand Secretariat was beyond the reach of other courtiers and the eunuchs and it was fully refl ected in the controversies at that time concerning the secret memorial system.
出处
《历史研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2021年第6期80-103,M0004,M0005,共26页
Historical Research
