摘要
非政府组织一直被认为是旅游发展中重要的利益相关者之一,在促进社区参与和保护生态环境方面发挥着关键作用,然而,目前学术界对这一群体的关注仍然比较匮乏。文章通过Google Scholar的检索,对国外旅游非政府组织(NGOs)的发展历程和理论成果加以整理和述评。研究发现,既有文献大体上可以分为旅游NGOs的角色认知、行为评估和互动关系3个方面。其中,对非政府组织的角色作用形成了以去商品化研究范式为代表的浪漫化认知,这种认知遭到部分学者的批判,引发对旅游NGOs行为的测量评估与再认识,关注的重点逐渐转向NGOs旅游实践中不同利益相关者以及全球-地方之间的互动关系。文章最后指出现有研究在理论深度、评估方法和影响机制方面存在的不足,并结合中国情境的特殊性提出了未来我国旅游NGOs研究的方向。
Non-governmental organizations(NGOs)have always been regarded as one of the important stakeholders in tourism development and play a key role in promoting community participation and protecting the environment.However,little attention has been paid to this group when it comes to tourism literature.In view of this,this paper collates and reviews the international research courses and theoretical achievements of tourism-based NGOs on Google Scholar to make a profound understanding of them in tourism practice.(1)This paper tracks back to the origin of NGOs and finds out that there are two different understandings of them,namely,the US-led approaches represented by Salamon and the European approaches represented by Evers.The former tends to regard NGOs as a kind of‘independent’sector,a special‘box’where organizations take either a residual or an alternative role with respect to state and market.The latter believes that NGOs are intertwined with the state,the market and the informal sector,emphasizing the fundamentally open,pluralistic and intermediary nature of NGOs.The US-led approach dominates the cognition of NGOs in China.(2)Through review of tourism-based NGOs literature,it is found that the existing literature can be divided into three aspects:role cognition,behavior assessment and interaction relationship of tourism-based NGOs.Due to the different research value orientation,there are two different perceptions of the role of NGOs.Under the influence of the US-led approaches,some scholars tend to pay attention to the positive role of NGOs in tourism development,leading to a romantic cognition of NGOs—what Salamon called‘the myth of pure virtue’.It is criticized by other scholars,which triggers the measurement,evaluation and re-understanding of tourism-based NGOs behavior and forms a theoretical reflection embodied in the debate on the decommodified research paradigm.As a result,the research value of tourism-based NGOs has become more and more rational.The interactive relationship in the tourism practice of NGOs has been getting more attention recently.(3)The article points out the shortcomings of existing research in terms of theoretical depth,evaluation methods and influence mechanisms,and argues that Chinese tourism-based NGOs research should be based on the reality of the Chinese context by analyzing the tourism practice of NGOs,and then evaluating the role of NGOs in tourism.Generally speaking,there are two aspects that need to be further studied.Firstly,based on the reality of China,we should examine the action process of local NGOs in tourism practice and their interaction with other stakeholders in specific cases,and then analyze their behavior logic and action strategies,rather than speculating their possible behavior characteristics from their identity attributes,so as to provide Chinese experience and evidence for reflecting the value orientation of western pure virtue myth research.Secondly,by examining the glocalization process of international NGOs,previous studies have shown that respecting local knowledge and timely adjusting global norms are the key to the success of international NGOs.In view of the particularity of the Chinese situation,it is necessary for future research to examine the measures taken by international NGOs to carry out projects in China and analyze the process and the strategies of their glocalization process.
作者
杨莹
孙九霞
YANG Ying;SUN Jiuxia(School of Business,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou 215009,China;School of Tourism Management,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China)
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2022年第3期40-49,共10页
Tourism Tribune
基金
国家自然科学基金青年项目“乡村旅游地社会组织的空间实践与地方效应研究”(42001143)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“乡村旅游发展中社会组织的地方嵌入:过程、机制与效应”(20YJCZH211)
国家社会科学基金艺术学重点项目“乡村振兴战略中的文旅发展和城乡融合研究”(21AH16)共同资助。
关键词
非政府组织
角色认知
去商品化研究范式
评述
non-governmental organizations(NGOs)
role cognition
decommodified research paradigm
review
