摘要
通过非法手段获取比特币的行为构成财产类犯罪,比特币本身不是违禁品属于“财物”。随着科学理念的更新和时代的发展,不能仅将财物解释为有体物。考虑到网络空间的独立性和特殊性,承认比特币是产生于网络空间中的无体物,不会违反罪刑法定原则,存在管理比特币的可能性。由于区块链系统具有不可篡改、匿名等特性,无法从经由私钥生成的公钥和地址中反推出私钥。只要通过了其他网络节点的确认,拥有私钥就拥有了管理比特币的可能。就既遂而言,应立足于“失控说”类型化地予以认定。如果被害人未对私钥备份,行为人取得私钥之时既遂成立。否则,只有在行为人利用非法获取的私钥进行数字签名,并提交至区块链中请求验证交易的时点才能成立财产犯罪的既遂。因为此时被害人已经丧失了对比特币的控制力,能否追回比特币完全凭借运气。
Bitcoin obtained by illegal access belongs to property crime,but Bitcoin itself is not a prohibited goods;it is“property”instead.With the update of scientific concept and the development of era,it is improper to interpret property as physical things.Considering the particularity of cyberspace,it does not violate the principle of legality to recognize Bitcoin as an inanimate product of cyberspace,which makes it possible to manage Bitcoin.Because blockchain system has the characteristics of non-tampering,anonymity and so on,the private key cannot be deduced from the public key and address generated by the private key.As long as is confirmed by other network nodes,the private key provides a possibility to manage Bitcoin.As far as the accomplishment is concerned,it should be identified as a type based on the“out of control theory”.If the victim does not back up the private key,the crime is accomplished when the perpetrator obtains the private key.Otherwise,only when the perpetrator uses the illegally obtained private key for digital signature and submits the request to the blockchain to verify the transaction can the completion of property crime be established.At this time,whether the victim can recover Bitcoin depends on mere luck since he has lost control of Bitcoin.
作者
杨智博
YANG Zhi-bo(School of Criminal Law,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi’an Shaanxi 710199,China)
出处
《太原理工大学学报（社会科学版）》
2022年第2期25-32,122,共9页
Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology(Social Science Edition)
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国刑法立法现代化的理论基础与路径选择研究”(18AFX013)。
关键词
区块链
比特币
无体物
管理可能性
既遂
blockchain
Bitcoin
inanimate product
possibilities for management
accomplishment of a crime
