摘要
明代傅浚将遵化冶铁厂冶铁、炼钢和经营等活动编成《铁冶志》(1513—1514)。该书是世界首部钢铁业专著,可惜原书在国内未见流传。近年有学者在俄罗斯圣彼得堡大学发现《铁冶志》清代抄本。将《铁冶志》的文字记载与田野考察、实验室分析相结合,发现遵化铁厂冶铁竖炉的水平截面接近长方形,继承了燕山地带辽金时期竖炉技术;使用反射炉脱碳,发展了灌钢技术,接近于近代苏钢工艺。遵化铁厂的钢铁技术、大规模冶金活动的管理和运营能力在15—16世纪仍然保持世界领先。遵化铁厂大量消耗木炭引发燃料危机,限制了钢铁技术和产量的进一步发展;钢铁生产囿于传统的知识体系、社会生产体系和市场体系,未能形成突破性发展,带动社会生产力全面进步。这是明清时期传统技术发展状况的一个缩影。
During the Ming Dynasty,Fu Jun(傅浚)compiled an account of the iron smelting,steelmaking and management activities of the Zunhua Ironworks(遵化铁厂).The resulting work,Tieye zhi(铁冶志,Records of Iron Smelting Words,1513-1514),is the first monograph on iron&steel industry in the world.Unfortunately,the book never came to be circulated in China.In recent years,some scholars discovered a Qing-dynasty handwritten copy of the Tieye zhi at St.Petersburg University in Russia.Combining the records of the Tieye zhi with field investigation and laboratory analysis,it was found that the horizontal section of the iron smelting shaft furnace in the Zunhua Ironworks was close to a rectangle,and inherited the shaft furnace technology of the Liao and Jin Dynasties in the Yanshan region.The reverberatory furnace was used for decarburization,developing co-fusion steel(guan gang灌钢)technology,and close to modern Suzhou steel technology.The Zunhua Ironworks maintained its leadership in iron and steel technology,management and operation of large-scale metallurgical activities around the world in the 15th and 16th centuries.The massive consumption of charcoal in the Zunhua Ironworks caused a fuel crisis,however,which restricted the further development of iron and steel technology and output.It s production or iron and steel was limited by the traditional knowledge system,social production system and market system,and failed to lead to breakthrough developments and drive the overall progress of social productivity.This is a microcosm of the development of traditional technology in the Ming and Qing dynasties.
作者
黄兴
HUANG Xing(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,CAS,Beijing 100190,China)
出处
《自然科学史研究》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2022年第2期178-201,共24页
Studies in The History of Natural Sciences
基金
中国科学院发展规划局战略研究专项、中国科学院自然科学史研究所“十四·五”重大项目“中国科技传统及其现实意义研究”(项目编号:GHJ-ZLZX-2021-17-2)
中国科学院国际伙伴计划“丝路文明与环境演化国际合作项目”(项目编号:131C11KYSB20190035)。
关键词
《铁冶志》
傅浚
遵化铁厂
冶铁遗址
Tieye zhi(铁冶志,Records of Iron Smelting Words)
Fu Jun(傅浚)
Zunhua Ironworks
iron smelting site
