摘要
在法律规范层面和司法实践层面,以物抵债协议面临分类错误、新旧给付关系难以确定等问题,《民法典合同编通则解释意见稿》第28条、第29条是以物抵债的最新规则发展,但尚有不足。对此,应坚持功能主义,明确以物抵债协议的真实性质,以现有民法理论为基础完善以物抵债协议的法律构造,并从协议签订日期与债务履行期的关系、新给付履行期与原给付履行期的关系以及当事人目的等多重维度完成以物抵债协议的类型化建构。清偿型以物抵债协议的法律构造为变更契约下的代物清偿,原给付和新给付共同保障基础债权的实现,且债务人应先履行新给付,同时需给债权人配置瑕疵担保责任请求权、原给付请求权和损害赔偿请求权等救济手段,协议下并不存在强制清算义务。担保型以物抵债协议与《民法典》第388条相契合,但应采取穿透式司法审判思维探究该类协议的真实担保意思,避免隐藏的意思表示,以区分不同情形选择适用《民法典》及司法解释中所确定的有关担保物权的规则。
At the level of legal norms and judicial practice,expiation debts in kind are faced with problems such as classification error and difficulties to determine the relationship between old and new payments.Art.28 and Art.29 of the Request for The Interpretation of the General Provisions of Contracts in the Civil Code are the newest rules about expiation debts in kind,but still have deficiencies.Given this,we should adhere to functionalism,make clear the real nature of the expiation debts in kind under different circumstances,improve the legal construction of the expiation debts in kind upon the basis of the existing civil law theories,and to complete the typed construction of debt-in-kind from multiple dimensions of the relationship between the signing date of agreement and the performance period of debt,the relationship between the performance period of the new payment under the agreement and the original payment,and the purpose of the parties.The legal structure of the"repayment-type"debt in kind agreement is"datio in solutio under contract of variation",and the realization of the basic creditor's right is guaranteed both by the original payment obligation and the new.It is necessary for the debtor to perform the new payment first,to assign the creditor reliefs such as the right of claim for guarantee liability for defects,the right of claim for original payment obligation,and the right of claim for damages.And Parties of expiation debts in kind of datio in solutum function have no obligation of liquidating duty.Although the"Guarantee-type"expiation debts in kind accords with Article 388 of the Civil Code,"penetration-type judicial thinking"should be adopted to explore the real guarantee meaning of such agreement,avoiding"the implied express",so as to differentiate rules of security interests determined in the Civil Code and the judicial interpretation applied under different situations.
出处
《上海政法学院学报（法治论丛）》
2023年第6期152-170,共19页
Journal of Shanghai University of Political Science & Law(The Rule of Law Forum)
基金
2022年度国家社会科学基金重点项目“非典型担保的构造及其法律规制研究”的阶段性研究成果,项目编号:22AFX016。
关键词
以物抵债协议
功能主义
类型化建构
瑕疵履行
expiation debts in kind
functionalism
typed construction
defective performance
