摘要
灭绝种族罪的“全部或部分消灭民族、种族、族裔或宗教团体”的意图要求是一种与行为一般意图不同的特殊/特定意图,是将灭绝种族罪与危害人类罪区分开来的重要构成要件。特定意图具有特殊性,是灭绝种族罪定罪的最后一步,因而国际法庭十分重视对该要件的论证。然而,由于相关规定的表述过于抽象和模糊,特定犯罪意图成为国际法庭在判定灭绝种族罪时的一个难题。许多国际法庭对灭绝种族罪特定意图的认定存在方法刻板化、参考因素模糊化、证明标准模式化的问题。在这些问题的冲击下,国际法庭陷入两难境地:一方面,特定意图的认定困境可能影响灭绝种族罪的定罪;另一方面,将模棱两可的事实贴合特定意图以求定罪可能影响审判的公平。对此,国际法庭可从方法分化入手,基于犯罪者层级的划分,对不同层级犯罪者分别适用不同方法,加强对争议性参考因素的解释,合理转化证明标准,逐步解决对特定意图的认定问题。
The mens rea of the crime of genocide, “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such”, is a special/specific intent that is different from the general intention of actus reus, and occupies a significant position in distinguishing crimes against humanity. As a kind of dolus specialis, genocidal intent is the final step in the conviction of genocide, therefore international courts and tribunals attach great importance to the demonstration of this element. However, since the articles and regulations are too abstract and vague, specific intent has become a difficult problem for international courts and tribunals during the trial of genocide. There are issues such as rigid application of approach to examine the element, obscure factors as reference, and standard modelling. Under the influence of these problems, international courts and tribunals are caught in a dilemma: on the one hand, the difficult proof of this specific intent may make it possible for the accused to escape punishment for the prohibited conduct of genocide;on the other hand, matching the facts to genocidal intent may have an adverse effect on the fairness of the trial.In this regard, international courts and tribunals can start from dividing approaches. Based on the classification of criminals, distinct approaches can be applied to high-or-middle-level and low-level criminals. The interpretation of controversial reference factors can be strengthened, and the standard of proof can be reasonably transformed, so that the issue of identification of specific intent of genocide can be gradually solved.
出处
《武大国际法评论》
CSSCI
2023年第6期96-119,共24页
Wuhan University International Law Review
关键词
国际刑法
灭绝种族罪
特定意图
目的导向方法
international criminal law
crime of genocide
specific intent
purpose-based approach
