摘要
本文在中华美育精神发展的脉络中考察王阳明美育思想的特点和意义。王阳明的美育思想与中国传统礼乐精神一脉相承,其核心在理想人格的培育即人格美育。王阳明的人格美育思想在三个方向上体现出自身特点。在生命境界论中,王阳明对“狂者胸次”和“真洒落”境界的认同和追求,使学派中人气概非凡、个性鲜明,也影响了文艺中的童心说、性灵论和情本论。在理想人格论中,王阳明通过对“万物一体”之境和“圣人成色论”的阐发,使圣人从高山走向大地,成为凡人,而凡人成为圣人,出现了“满街人都是圣人”的命题;同时在美育标准上,提出了“与愚夫愚妇同德”的命题,体现了美育的普及性和平等性。在审美教化论中,王阳明提出“随才成就”的主张,把因材施教的教育原则中以教育者、施者为中心转变为以“才”为中心;在充分尊重儿童身心特点的基础上提出了儿童美育的一系列主张,完成了美育史上的“发现儿童”。王阳明的人格美育思想是明清时代美育民间化、通俗化和普及化潮流的一部分,也是推动美育精神这一走向的重要力量,对今天的美育也有丰富的启示意义。
This article examines the characteristics and significance of Wang Yangming’s thought on aesthetic education in the context of the development of the spirit of Chinese aesthetic education.Wang Yangming’s idea of aesthetic education is consistent with the spirit of traditional Chinese rituals and music,and its core is in the cultivation of ideal personality,i.e.,the aesthetic education of personality.Wang’s thought on the aesthetic education of personality embodies its own characteristics in three aspects.In the theory of the realm of life,Wang Yangming’s recognition and pursuit of the realm of the“maverick with a wild and uninhibited spirit”and“a state of spiritual freedom that is unencumbered by desires”made the people in the school of thought extraordinary and distinctive,and also influenced the theory of childlike innocence,the theory of the spirituality of nature,and the theory of the nature of emotion in literary arts.In the theory of ideal personality,Wang,through the exposition of the realm of“oneness of all things(all things are one,without distinction or difference)”and“the theory of the saint’s color(the saint’s inner purity and spirituality)”,made the saints go from the mountains to the earth and become mortals,while the mortals became saints,and the proposition of“all the people in the street are saints”appeared.At the same time,in terms of the standard of aesthetic education,the proposition of“sharing the same virtues with foolish men and women(Any foolish person has intuitive knowledge and abilities)”was put forward,reflecting the universality and equality of aesthetic education.In the theory of aesthetic education,Wang put forward the idea of“Achievement with Talent(making one’s achievement according to his talent)”,which transformed the educational principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude from centering on the educator and the provider to centering on the“talent”,and put forward a series of propositions of aesthetic education for children on the basis of fully respecting children’s physical and mental characteristics,accomplishing the“discovery of children”in the history of aesthetic education.Wang Yangming’s idea of personality-based aesthetic education was part of the trend of folklorization,popularization and universalization of aesthetic education in the Ming and Qing dynasties,and it was also an important force in promoting the direction of the spirit of aesthetic education,which has also rich instructive significance for today’s aesthetic education.
出处
《中国文艺评论》
2025年第2期69-83,I0002,I0003,共17页
China Literature and Art Criticism
基金
2021年度北京市社科基金项目“王阳明北京时期诗文、交游与思想发展研究”(项目批准号:21ZXB003)的阶段性成果。
关键词
王阳明
礼乐精神
狂者胸次
万物一体
随才成就
儿童美育
Wang Yangming
spirit of rites and music
maverick with a wild and uninhibited spirit
oneness of all things
achievement with talent
children’s aesthetic education
