摘要
琉球“闽人三十六姓”是中国历史上首次正式派遣的官方移民,专掌中琉朝贡与海外贸易。他们在明代移民琉球之后,因为所操闽语内部差异很大而限制了适用范围,与其他母语者通婚制约了闽语在家庭中的自然习得,聚居村人口衰减阻碍了闽语的代际传承,东南亚贸易中断降低了闽语的经济价值,官话语言地位的确立影响了学习闽语的动力,作为其后代母语方言的闽语开始了祖语化的进程,至迟在18世纪中叶完全演变为祖语方言。明清闽语在琉球的传承是海外汉语方言流布的独特类型,为海外华侨华人祖语传承及华文教育提供了借鉴:方言的海外传承,需要有相当规模的方言人口作为支撑,依赖于家庭教育,也取决于它的经济价值;方言与共同语的竞争,不仅出现在方言的发源地,也出现在方言的流布地;海外方言即使在流布地消亡,也必将在当地语言中留下痕迹,证明自己的流布历史。
The Thirty-six Clans of the Min People in the Ryukyu Kingdom were the first official immigrants sent by China to manage the tributary and overseas trade.Upon their migration to Ryukyu during the Ming Dynasty,the mother tongue of their descendants,the Min dialect,began its transformation into a heritage language,a process completed by the mid-18th century at the latest.Factors contributing to this evolution include signifi cant dialectal diff erences within Min,intermarriage between the Thirty-six Clans with other indigenous languages speakers,population decline in Kume villages inhabited by the Thirtysix Clans,interruption of trade between the Ryukyu Kingdom and Southeast Asia,and the establishment of Mandarin Chinese as a lingua franca in the Ryukyu Kingdom.The inheritance of the Min dialect in the Ryukyu Kingdom represents a unique case of evolution among overseas Chinese dialects,off ering valuable insights into heritage language maintenance and Chinese language education for overseas Chinese communities.Firstly,the preservation of overseas dialects requires a substantial speaker population,relying heavily on family education and its economic value.Secondly,competition between dialects and the standard language occurs not only in the dialects’place of origin but also in the areas where they spread.Finally,the evolution of an overseas dialect into a heritage language is intrinsically linked to its integration with local languages.
出处
《语言战略研究》
北大核心
2025年第2期45-55,共11页
Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“清末民国汉语五大方言比较研究及数据库建设”(22&ZD297)
中央高校基本科研业务经费项目“类型学视域下汉语方言语法比较研究”(23JNQN41)。
关键词
琉球
闽人三十六姓
闽语
祖语
语言传承
the Ryukyu Kingdom
Thirty-six Clans of Min People
Min dialect
heritage language
heritage language maintenance
