本研究采用微波消解–原子荧光法测定夏蝉体内汞的含量。5 g夏蝉样品经过微波消解后,载流为5%的硝酸溶液,还原剂为0.5%氢氧化钾+0.01%硼氢化钠,利用原子荧光光度计检测。结果显示,检出限为0.045 μg·L−1,R² ≥ 0.9998,回收率...本研究采用微波消解–原子荧光法测定夏蝉体内汞的含量。5 g夏蝉样品经过微波消解后,载流为5%的硝酸溶液,还原剂为0.5%氢氧化钾+0.01%硼氢化钠,利用原子荧光光度计检测。结果显示,检出限为0.045 μg·L−1,R² ≥ 0.9998,回收率为84.2%~116.40%,RSD ≤ 2.15%,所得出的汞标准曲线呈现良好的线性关系。该方法准确、可靠,适用于夏蝉体内汞含量检测。This study utilized microwave digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry to determine the mercury content in Cicada (summer cicada) samples. After microwave digestion of 5g cicada samples, a 5% nitric acid solution was used as the carrier, and a reducing agent mixture of 0.5% potassium hydroxide and 0.01% sodium borohydride was applied. Detection was performed using an atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results showed a detection limit of 0.045 μg·L−1, with R² ≥ 0.9998. The recovery rate ranged from 84.2% to 116.40%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than or equal to 2.15%. The mercury standard curve exhibited good linearity. This method is accurate and reliable, making it suitable for detecting mercury content in cicadas.展开更多
本研究基于《中国植被图集(1:1 000 000)》,利用地理信息系统软件(ArcGIS)对图斑进行矢量化处理,提取甜槠、米槠林植被的信息,并绘制甜槠、米槠林的地理空间分布图。在此基础上,对我国甜槠、米槠林群落的分布特点、群落的类型以及其斑...本研究基于《中国植被图集(1:1 000 000)》,利用地理信息系统软件(ArcGIS)对图斑进行矢量化处理,提取甜槠、米槠林植被的信息,并绘制甜槠、米槠林的地理空间分布图。在此基础上,对我国甜槠、米槠林群落的分布特点、群落的类型以及其斑块特征进行研究。结果表明:我国甜槠、米槠林植被总面积约为29280.48 km2,总斑块数为865个。其中,福建和广西的分布面积最广,分别为8141.08 km2和8075.65 km2,分别占我国甜槠、米槠林植被总面积的27.81%和27.58%。甜槠、米槠林图斑的主要特征是:小斑块多,大斑块少,斑块的面积差异显著。大多数斑块的分布较为集中,景观破碎化程度较高。本文的研究结果将为甜槠、米槠林的保护以及可持续管理提供更为全面的科学依据。Based on the “Vegetation Atlas of China (1:1000000)”, this study used geographic information system software (ArcGIS) to vectorize the map spots, extract the vegetation information of Castanopsis eyrei and Castanopsis eyrei forests, and draw the geographic spatial distribution map of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest. Based on this, the distribution characteristics, community types and patch characteristics of the vegetation communities in Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest in China were studied. The results showed that the total vegetation area of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest in China was about 29280.48 km2, and the total number of patches was 865. Among them, Fujian and Guangxi have the widest distribution area, with the distribution area of 8141.08 km2 and 8075.65 km2, accounting for 27.81% and 27.58% of the total vegetation area of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest in China, respectively. The main characteristics of vegetation patterns of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest are as follows: there were more small patches and less large patches, and the area of patches was significantly different. Most patches are concentrated, and the fragmentation of vegetation landscape is high. The research results will provide a more comprehensive scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable management of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest.展开更多
本论文通过对稷山县森林资源现状分析,发现其森林资源比较集中,种类丰富,同时也存在森林资源开发利用等诸多问题。为了解决这些问题,本论文提出了一系列资源对策。通过实施这些资源对策,可以有效解决稷山县森林资源开发利用问题,实现森...本论文通过对稷山县森林资源现状分析,发现其森林资源比较集中,种类丰富,同时也存在森林资源开发利用等诸多问题。为了解决这些问题,本论文提出了一系列资源对策。通过实施这些资源对策,可以有效解决稷山县森林资源开发利用问题,实现森林资源的可持续发展。因此,合理利用森林资源生态与经济共同发展具有现实意义。Based on the analysis of the status quo of forest resources in Jishan County, this paper found that the forest resources are relatively concentrated, rich in species, and there are also many problems in the development and utilization of forest resources. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a series of resource countermeasures. By implementing these countermeasures, we can effectively solve the problems of forest resources development and utilization in Jishan County and achieve the sustainable development of forest resources. Therefore, the rational use of Forest Resources and economic co-development of ecological and practical significance.展开更多
本文旨在以严谨、理性的态度,对沈阳市近年来垃圾处理情况展开深入分析,通过量化数学研究手段,对垃圾分类进行精确评估。基于国家“双碳”战略背景,本文致力于将所得数据有效整合,并应用于碳排放处理问题的探讨中,以期提出更具针对性的...本文旨在以严谨、理性的态度,对沈阳市近年来垃圾处理情况展开深入分析,通过量化数学研究手段,对垃圾分类进行精确评估。基于国家“双碳”战略背景,本文致力于将所得数据有效整合,并应用于碳排放处理问题的探讨中,以期提出更具针对性的节能减排措施。在研究过程中,本文采用了数学建模、运筹学优化、数据分析以及神经网络等多种工具,对垃圾分类过程中的关键因素进行了全面而深入的量化评估。通过这一方法,本文得以对城市生活垃圾分类问题进行更为细致、系统地剖析,并探索了优化垃圾运输过程中碳足迹的可行性途径,从而为实现“双碳”愿景提供了有力的科学依据和决策支持。为了确保研究的准确性和可靠性,本文还对沈阳市等城市的垃圾清运情况进行了实地调研,并结合线上询问、资料查阅以及大数据爬虫等多种手段,全面掌握了垃圾分类的实施情况及其对碳排放量减少的显著影响。在此基础上,本文构建了一个综合评价指标体系,并运用TOPSIS评价法等多准则决策分析方法,对不同类型垃圾的环保效益进行了精确量化评估。综上所述,本研究成果将为城市生活垃圾分类政策的制定和实施提供更为科学、系统的理论支持,为推进我国垃圾分类事业贡献力量。This article is dedicated to a rigorous and rational analysis of Shenyang’s recent garbage disposal practices, employing quantitative mathematical methods for an accurate evaluation of garbage classification. In alignment with the national “dual carbon” strategy, this study aims to effectively integrate the gathered data into discussions on carbon emission treatment, with the goal of proposing targeted energy-saving and emission-reducing measures. Throughout the research, the article utilized a variety of tools including mathematical modeling, operations research optimization, data analysis, and neural networks to thoroughly quantify key factors in the garbage classification process. This approach allowed for a detailed and systematic examination of urban domestic waste classification, and explored feasible ways to reduce the carbon footprint in waste transportation, thereby offering a robust scientific foundation and decision-making support for the “dual carbon” vision. To ensure the research’s accuracy and reliability, the article also involved field research on the waste collection and transportation in cities like Shenyang, incorporating various methods such as online surveys, data reviews, and big data crawlers to fully understand the implementation of waste classification and its substantial impact on carbon emission reductions. Building on this, the article established a comprehensive evaluation index system and applied the TOPSIS evaluation method among other multi-criteria decision-making techniques to precisely quantify the environmental benefits of different types of waste. In conclusion, the findings of this study offer more scientific and systematic theoretical support for the development and implementation of urban domestic waste classification policies, thereby contributing to the advancement of waste classification initiatives in China.展开更多
湿地作为地球上独特的生态系统,具有极高的生态、经济和社会价值。然而,随着人类活动的不断扩张,湿地资源面临着严重的威胁,其面积不断减少,生态功能逐渐退化。本文旨在探讨湿地资源保护与可持续利用的模式,以实现湿地资源的长期保存和...湿地作为地球上独特的生态系统,具有极高的生态、经济和社会价值。然而,随着人类活动的不断扩张,湿地资源面临着严重的威胁,其面积不断减少,生态功能逐渐退化。本文旨在探讨湿地资源保护与可持续利用的模式,以实现湿地资源的长期保存和合理利用。通过分析湿地资源的现状及其面临的挑战,本文提出了几种可行的保护与利用模式,包括生态恢复、社区参与、可持续旅游和绿色农业等。这些模式不仅有助于保护湿地生态系统,还能促进当地经济的可持续发展。最后,本文强调了政策支持和国际合作在湿地资源保护中的重要性,并提出了相应的建议。As a unique ecosystem on the earth, wetlands have high ecological, economic and social value. However, with the continuous expansion of human activities, wetland resources are facing a serious threat, its area continues to decrease, ecological function gradually degraded. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the mode of wetland resources protection and sustainable utilization in order to realize the long-term conservation and rational utilization of wetland resources. By analyzing the status quo and challenges of wetland resources, this paper puts forward several feasible protection and utilization models, including ecological restoration, community participation, sustainable tourism and Green Agriculture. These models not only help to protect wetland ecosystems, but also promote the sustainable development of the local economy. Finally, this paper emphasizes the importance of policy support and international cooperation in wetland resources protection, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.展开更多
近年来,随着林业信息化和智能化的推进,无人机在林业数据采集和分析中的应用日益广泛。本研究以湿地松为研究对象,对比无人机RGB相机(可见光相机)和LiDAR相机(激光雷达相机)在获取湿地松生长性状与地面真实值之间的精度差异,并借此方法...近年来,随着林业信息化和智能化的推进,无人机在林业数据采集和分析中的应用日益广泛。本研究以湿地松为研究对象,对比无人机RGB相机(可见光相机)和LiDAR相机(激光雷达相机)在获取湿地松生长性状与地面真实值之间的精度差异,并借此方法寻找湿地松优良家系。这两种无人机通过执行相同的飞行路线,飞行后数据经过数据分析得到每株湿地松的树高和冠幅,并建立胸径预测模型,比较两个相机的预测精度和选育优良家系。结果显示,LiDAR相机在50 m和80 m高度下,树高预测的相关系数R2均为0.88,优于RGB相机的预测精度。50 m高度下RGB相机倾斜摄影的相关系数R2为0.86,优于正射影像的0.78。基于树高和冠幅的胸径预测模型也表现出较高的精度。不同飞行任务获取的数据均对选育优良家系有积极的作用,与真实选育结果一致。虽然RGB相机的预测精度略低于LiDAR相机,但差异不显著,显示其可作为低成本替代方案。激光雷达的飞行高度(50 m和80 m)对树高测量精度无显著影响,80m具有较短的飞行时间,RGB相机倾斜摄影的精度高但飞行时间较长。湿地松的树高、胸径和冠幅均受中高遗传力控制,育种值分析表明10号家系表现优异,适合进一步选育。本研究为无人机在林木资源调查和表型遗传分析应用中提供了科学支持。In recent years, with the advancement of forestry informatization and automation, the application of UAV in forestry data collection and analysis has grown increasingly prevalent. This study focuses on Pinus elliottii to compare the accuracy of UAV RGB sensor (Visible Light Camera) and LiDAR sensor (Lidar Camera) in capturing growth traits relative to ground truth measurements, aiming to identify superior Pinus elliottii families using these methods. Both UAV followed the same flight paths, and after data processing, tree height and crown width for each tree were obtained. A diameter at breast height (DBH) prediction model was then developed, and the accuracy of the two sensors’ predictions was compared, along with their utility in family selection. Results showed that the LiDAR sensor achieved a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.88 for tree height predictions at both 50 m and 80 m altitudes, outperforming the RGB sensor. At 50 m, the RGB sensor’s oblique photography produced an R2 of 0.86, superior to the 0.78 obtained from orthophotos. The DBH prediction model, based on tree height and crown width, also exhibited high accuracy. Data collected from different flight missions positively contributed to the selection of superior families, aligning well with actual breeding outcomes. Although the RGB sensor’s prediction accuracy was slightly lower than that of the LiDAR sensor, the difference was not significant, indicating that it can serve as a cost-effective alternative. The flight altitude of the LiDAR (50 m and 80 m) had no significant effect on tree height measurement accuracy, with the 80 m altitude providing shorter flight times. While the RGB sensor’s oblique photography offered higher accuracy, it required longer flight durations. Tree height, DBH, and crown width in Pinus elliottii were all under moderate to high genetic control. Breeding value analysis indicated that Family 10 exhibited superior traits, making it a candidate for further breeding. This study provides scientific support for the application of UAV in forest resource surveys and phenotypic genetic analysis.展开更多
雅长林场是广西天然林和公益林面积最大的林场。为有效保护公益林并促进商品林高质量发展,采用2003~2020年广西国有雅长林场森林资源规划设计调查报告数据,对林业用地、森林面积、森林蓄积、森林覆盖率、森林生长量、森林消耗量等37项...雅长林场是广西天然林和公益林面积最大的林场。为有效保护公益林并促进商品林高质量发展,采用2003~2020年广西国有雅长林场森林资源规划设计调查报告数据,对林业用地、森林面积、森林蓄积、森林覆盖率、森林生长量、森林消耗量等37项指标分析森林资源变化;采用层次分析法AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process)从森林起源、森林结构、森林产能、森林健康、森林价值等方面综合评价森林质量。结果表明,2003~2020年雅长林场林地及森林面积有所减少,森林质量有所提升并保持中等等级,筛选出制约森林质量提升关键评价指标。针对主要存在问题,提出了完善分类经营,优先保护公益林、加强森林防火和科学经营商品林等建议。Yachang is the largest forest farm in the natural forest and public welfare forest area in Guangxi. In order to protect the public welfare forest and promote high-quality development of the commercial forest in this farm, using the data of forest resource investigation of this farm from 2003 to 2020, woodland, forest area, forest stock volume, forest covering rate, forest growth, forest consumption were analyzed statistically. The forest resource quality was evaluated by AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process) according to the forest origin, forest structure, forest productivity, forest health and forest value. From 2003 to 2020, the forest area was reduced in large scale, the grades of the forest resource quality valuation were maintained in medium grade in this farm. The key indicators restricting forest quality were selected. In order to promote the forest quality in this farm, the important suggestions are as fellows: adhere to classified management, protecting public welfare forests, forest fire prevention and scientific management of commercial forest.展开更多
松树是广西最重要的造林树种之一。松树产业高质量发展要以松树林分高质量为基础。目前,国内外未见松树林分质量评价方法。为促进松树产业高质量发展和松树林分质量评价研究,本研究根据层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process)原理,基...松树是广西最重要的造林树种之一。松树产业高质量发展要以松树林分高质量为基础。目前,国内外未见松树林分质量评价方法。为促进松树产业高质量发展和松树林分质量评价研究,本研究根据层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process)原理,基于适地适树、分类经营和可持续发展的原则,采用林分起源、林分结构、林分产能、林分健康、林分价值等5大类36项指标建立松树林分质量评价指标体系和评价方法;评价结果分为优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格5个等级。以广西为例,按照上述评价方法对2015年广西松树林分质量进行评价,结果得74.5分,为中等等级。The pine forest is one of most important trees in Guangxi. At present, there is not the standard method for the plantation quality evaluation. In order to provide a feasible method for pine forest quality evaluation and improve high-quality development of Guangxi pine plantation, this paper established the pine forest quality evaluation index system based on AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), matching species with the site, classification management and sustainable development. The evaluation index system includes the 5 main aspects (forest origin, forest structure, forest productivity, forest health and forest value) and 36 sub-classified indicators. The evaluation result was divided into 5 grades: excellent, good, medium, pass, fail. According to this evaluation method, Guangxi pine plantation quality in 2015 was evaluated, which was medium class.展开更多
通过应用ArcGIS软件,对《中国植被图集(1:1000000)》中的黄背草植被数据,进行数字化处理,空间配准和矢量化等操作,并以此为基础计算得到黄背草植被各群系的斑块数量特征以及斑块形状指数,分析与评价黄背草植被群系的地理分布格局与斑块...通过应用ArcGIS软件,对《中国植被图集(1:1000000)》中的黄背草植被数据,进行数字化处理,空间配准和矢量化等操作,并以此为基础计算得到黄背草植被各群系的斑块数量特征以及斑块形状指数,分析与评价黄背草植被群系的地理分布格局与斑块特征。结果表明:黄背草植被在全国多数省份均有分布,主要集中分布于陕西和安徽等地。黄背草植被总面积为14219.39 km2,总共有488个斑块,整体上黄背草植被的斑块面积、个数分布较均衡,各斑块形状均相对不规则,小斑块占比较高,大斑块占比较少,且斑块面积差别较大,斑块破碎化程度较高。基于黄背草植被斑块的情况、黄背草植被的地理分布及其斑块特征、斑块形状的分析,为黄背草植被的退牧还草及可持续发展、防止草场退化和恢复退化草场提供理论参考。By applying ArcGIS software, we digitized, spatially aligned and vectorized the Themeda japonica vegetation data in the “China Vegetation Atlas (1:1000000)”, and calculated the number of patches and the patch shape index of each group of Themeda japonica vegetation on the basis of the data, so as to analyse and evaluate the geographic distribution pattern and the characteristics of the patches of Themeda japonica vegetation groups. The results showed that the Themeda japonica vegetation was distributed in most provinces in China, mainly in Shaanxi and Anhui. The total area of Themeda japonica vegetation is 14219.39 km2, and there are 488 patches in total. On the whole, the patch area and number of Themeda japonica vegetation are more balanced, and the shape of each patch is relatively irregular, with a higher proportion of small patches and a smaller proportion of large patches, and the patch area varies greatly, with a higher degree of patch fragmentation. Based on the situation of Themeda japonica vegetation patches, the geographical distribution of Themeda japonica vegetation and its patch characteristics and the analysis of patch shapes, it provides theoretical references for the retreat of Themeda japonica vegetation to grassland and its sustainable development, the prevention of pasture degradation and the restoration of degraded pastures.展开更多
采用典型取样法对桂洋林场样地内种子植物的组成进行调查,分析其多样性及区系成分特征。结果表明桂洋林场种子植物共346种,隶属104科202属。从科级水平看,以单种科最多,共45科,占总科数的43.27%,其次是寡种科,占总科数的36.54%,大科最少...采用典型取样法对桂洋林场样地内种子植物的组成进行调查,分析其多样性及区系成分特征。结果表明桂洋林场种子植物共346种,隶属104科202属。从科级水平看,以单种科最多,共45科,占总科数的43.27%,其次是寡种科,占总科数的36.54%,大科最少,仅7科,占总科数的6.73%;从属级水平看,单种属135属,占总属数的66.83%。科的分布区类型,热带性地理成分46科,占总科数的44.2%,温带成分20科,占总科数的19.2%,说明科的地理成分具有较强的热带性质。属的分布区类型,热带分布类型77属,占总属数的38.1%,温带分布类型93属,占总属数的46.0%,说明具有温带和亚热带性质。本次调查中国特有属有4属,未发现中国特有科。本次研究还对桂洋林场7类资源植物进行介绍,提出植物资源的保护与开发利用建议。The composition of seed plants in the plot of Guiyang forest farm was investigated by typical sampling method, the diversity and floristic composition characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that there were 346 species of seed plants in Guiyang Forest Farm, belonging to 104 families and 202 genera. From the perspective of family level, single-species families were the most, with a total of 45 families, accounting for 43.27% of the total families, followed by oligospecies families, accounting for 36.54% of the total families, and large families were the least, only 7 families, accounting for 6.73% of the total families. At the genus level, there are 135 genera of single species, accounting for 66.83% of the total genera. There are 46 tropical geographical elements, accounting for 44.2% of the total number of families, and 20 temperate elements, accounting for 19.2% of the total number of families, indicating that the geographical elements of the family have strong tropical properties. The distribution type of genera, tropical distribution type 77 genera, accounting for 38.1% of the total number of genera, temperate distribution type 93 genera, accounting for 46.0% of the total number of genera, indicating that there is a temperate zone. And subtropical properties. There are 4 genera endemic to China in this survey, and no families endemic to China were found. At the same time, seven kinds of resource plants in the forest farm were introduced, and suggestions for the protection and development and utilization of plant resources were put forward.展开更多
林木种质资源是良种选育的基础材料,是遗传多样性和物种多样性的重要基础,是维护国家生态安全的重要战略资源。林木良种选育是林业可持续发展的重要保障,通过选育和推广林木良种,可以保护和利用林木种质资源,维护生物多样性,促进林业科...林木种质资源是良种选育的基础材料,是遗传多样性和物种多样性的重要基础,是维护国家生态安全的重要战略资源。林木良种选育是林业可持续发展的重要保障,通过选育和推广林木良种,可以保护和利用林木种质资源,维护生物多样性,促进林业科技创新和产业升级,带动相关产业的发展,促进林业经济的繁荣。山东(省本级) 2002年至2023年审、认定的林木品种有42科77属1杂交属109种(包括杂交种、家系),共计751个;山东省参与国家审、认定品种有22科34属167个品种;合计48科79属964个。通过对审认定林木品种的统计分析,总结了各品种的科属比例分布、年份申请数量、品种选育类别、用途分类比例和国省两级审、认定的树种分布差异等,发现了山东林木品种选育的一些问题,并对此提出一些建议,以此对山东地区的林木品种选育提供参考。Forest germplasm resources are the basic materials for breeding better varieties, the important basis for genetic diversity and species diversity, and the important strategic resources for maintaining national ecological security. The selection and breeding of high-quality forest seeds is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of forestry. By selecting and promoting high-quality forest seeds, we can protect and utilize forest germplasm resources, maintain biodiversity, promote forestry scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading, drive the development of related industries, and promote the prosperity of forestry economy. From 2002 to 2023, a total of 751 forest varieties belonging to 42 Families, 78 Genera and 109 species (including hybrids and families) were certified or pre-certified in Shandong province, and 167 varieties belonging to 34 genera and 22 families were certified with the participation of Shandong Province. A total of 964 varieties belonged to 48 families and 79 genera. Through the statistical analysis of varieties above, the proportion distribution of families and genera, the number of applications in the year, the category of variety breeding, the proportion of utility classification, and the distribution differences of tree species at the national and provincial certified levels were summarized. Some problems in the breeding of forest varieties in Shandong Province were found, and some suggestions were put forward to provide reference for the breeding of forest varieties in Shandong Province.展开更多
为更好地识别海南产紫珠属(Callicarpa L.) 5种植物,即杜虹花(C. formasana Rolfe)、裸花紫珠(C. nudiflora Vahl)、红腺紫珠(C. erythrosticta Merr. & Chun)、短柄紫珠[C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance] 及散花紫珠[C. kochiana var. ...为更好地识别海南产紫珠属(Callicarpa L.) 5种植物,即杜虹花(C. formasana Rolfe)、裸花紫珠(C. nudiflora Vahl)、红腺紫珠(C. erythrosticta Merr. & Chun)、短柄紫珠[C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance] 及散花紫珠[C. kochiana var. laxiflora (H. T. Chang) W. Z. Fang] 的木材解剖学特征,本文对上述植物的树皮、木材宏观及微观构造进行了详细的观测和描述。对上述五者的研究表明:树皮极薄,厚度为0.7~1.4 mm;而树皮颜色、皮孔略有不同。宏观特征:共同特征在于心边材区别不明显;散孔材;管孔大小略一致;轴向薄壁组织无或不明显;横切面上木射线清晰,较细密,常比管孔小;弦切面上呈银白色细线状;径切面上射线斑纹明显。不同特征在于髓心形状、生长轮大小、侵填体数量、内涵韧皮部有无等,其中杜虹花和裸花紫珠的髓心形状分别呈近六边形和近四方形,较为特殊,其他呈近圆形至椭圆形;短柄紫珠生长轮最窄(8~10轮/cm),而裸花紫珠最宽(1.5~2轮/cm);杜虹花和散花紫珠的侵填体较多;短柄紫珠和散花紫珠横切面上可见明显的长条状内涵韧皮部。微观特征:共同特征在于单管孔和径列复管孔(2~4个)为主,管间纹孔式互列;木射线非叠生,常同一列射线出现2次以上多列的部分。不同特征在于管孔密度、木射线类型、射线大小等,其中红腺紫珠的管孔密度最小(20~30个/mm2),短柄紫珠管孔密度最大(80~100个/mm2);裸花紫珠木射线类型以异形Ⅲ型为主,而其它4种以异形Ⅱ型为主;短柄紫珠的多列木射线常宽2细胞(稀3细胞),其他4种宽2~5细胞。与同科的柚木(Tectona grandis L.f.)和石梓(Gmelina chinensis Benth.)的比较研究表明,紫珠属植物在木材类型、管孔大小、管孔密度、管孔弦径、轴向薄壁组织、内涵韧皮部、木射线数量、木射线类型等方面与上述两属的木材构造具有一定的差异。综上所述,5种紫珠属植物的木材解剖构造上有很多相似之处,但也存在差异,本研究将为该属植物的木材鉴定与应用、系统分类和植物保护等方面提供依据。In order to better identify the wood anatomical characteristics of five species of Callicarpa L. plants in Hainan, namely C. formasana Rolfe, C. nudiflora Hook. & Arn., C. erythrosticta Merr. & Chun, C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance and C. kochiana var. laxiflora (H. T. Chang) W. Z. Fang, this paper has carried out detailed observations and descriptions of the macro-structure and micro-structure of these plants wood and bark. The experiment results of the five species indicated that: the barks were extremely thin, with a thickness of 0.7~1.4 mm, but the color and lenticel of the bark were different. Macroscopic features: The common characteristics were that the difference between heartwood and sapwood was not obvious;diffuse-porous wood;pores size was slightly consistent;axial parenchyma was absent or not obvious;xylem rays were clear, relatively fine, and often smaller than pores on the cross-section;it appeared as silver white fine lines on the tangential section;the xylem ray stripes were obvious on the radial section. The different characteristics were that the shape of pith, the size of growth ring, the number of tyloses, and the presence or absence of interxylary phloem, ect. Among them, the pith shapes of C. formasana and C. nudiflora were nearly hexagonal and nearly quadrilateral respectively, which are relatively special, while the others were nearly round to oval. The growth ring of C. brevipes was the narrowest (8~10 r/cm), while C. nudiflora was the widest (1.5~2 r/cm). There were many tyloses in C. formasana and C. kochiana var. laxiflora. There were obviously long strip of interxylary phloem on the cross section of C. brevipes and C. kochiana var. laxiflora. Microscopic features: The common characteristics were that mainly solitary pore and radial multiple pore (2~4), intervessel pitting alternate;the xylem rays non overlapping, frequent occurrence twice or more multiseriate parts in the same ray. The different characteristics were the density of pore, the type of xylem ray, the size of xylem ray, etc. Among them, the pore density of C. erythrosticta was the lowest (20~30/cm2), while C. brevipes was the highest (80~100/cm2);the xylem ray types of C. nudiflora were mainly heterogeneous III type, while the other four species were mainly heterogeneous II type. Multiseriate xylem rays of C. brevipes were usually 2 cells wide (rarely 3 cells wide), and the other four species were 2~5 cells wide. The wood structure comparative research with Gmelina chinensis Benth. and Tectona grandis L.f. of the same family indicated that the plants of Callicarpa had certain differences in terms of wood type, pore size, pore density, chord diameter of pore, axial parenchyma, interxylary phloem, number and type of xylem rays. To sum up, there were many similarities in the wood anatomical structures of the five species of Callicarpa L., but there were also significant differences. This research will provide a basis for the wood identification, application, systematic classification and plant conservation of the plants of this Genus.展开更多
目的:抽地下咸水重复灌溉,使加剧了农田的盐碱化,该文提出节水控制盐碱化的技术。方法:根据土壤对水分的吸水能力、土壤性质、水质、滴水量及滴水时间相同的条件下,采用全用地下咸水滴灌与先用地下咸水湿润土壤后交换磁化水滴灌的方法,...目的:抽地下咸水重复灌溉,使加剧了农田的盐碱化,该文提出节水控制盐碱化的技术。方法:根据土壤对水分的吸水能力、土壤性质、水质、滴水量及滴水时间相同的条件下,采用全用地下咸水滴灌与先用地下咸水湿润土壤后交换磁化水滴灌的方法,该方法对枸杞根区盐分的变化及节水效果进行研究。[结果]对盐分9.55 g/kg盐碱土进行灌水8次之后,全用地下咸水滴灌时根区盐分的降低量为0.78 g/kg,先用地下咸水湿润土壤后交换磁化水滴灌时根区盐分的降低量为1.02 g/kg,交换磁化水滴灌方法可提高淋洗盐分的效率。结论:全用地下咸水滴灌与交换磁化水滴灌相比,交换磁化水滴灌可加速湿润体盐分的各向运移,每年可节约3次的冲洗盐分用水量。湿润体盐分的各向运移不仅与土壤性质、土壤盐分、土壤容重及灌水次数有关,而且与土壤易溶盐、咸水的磁化程度及水源盐分也有密切的关系。Objective: Repetitive irrigation with underground saline water exacerbates the salinization of farmland. This article proposes water-saving control techniques for salinization. Method: Under the same conditions of soil water absorption capacity, soil properties, water quality, drip amount, and drip time, the method of using all underground saline water drip irrigation and first wetting the soil with underground saline water and then exchanging magnetized water drip irrigation was adopted to study the variation of salt content and water-saving effect in the Chinese Wolfberry root zone. Result: After irrigating the saline alkali soil with a salt content of 9.55 g/kg 8 times, the reduction in root zone salt content was 0.78 g/kg when using underground saline water drip irrigation. The reduction in root zone salt content was 1.02 g/kg when using underground saline water to moisten the soil first and then exchanging magnetized water for drip irrigation. The exchange magnetized water drip irrigation method can improve the efficiency of salt leaching. Conclusion: Compared with exchange magnetized water drip irrigation, exchange magnetized water drip irrigation can accelerate the anisotropic transport of salt in moist bodies and save 3 times of flushing salt water usage per year. The anisotropic transport of salt in moist soil is not only related to soil properties, soil salinity, soil bulk density, and irrigation frequency, but also closely related to the solubility of soil salts, the degree of magnetization of saline water, and the salinity of water sources.展开更多
文摘本研究采用微波消解–原子荧光法测定夏蝉体内汞的含量。5 g夏蝉样品经过微波消解后,载流为5%的硝酸溶液,还原剂为0.5%氢氧化钾+0.01%硼氢化钠,利用原子荧光光度计检测。结果显示,检出限为0.045 μg·L−1,R² ≥ 0.9998,回收率为84.2%~116.40%,RSD ≤ 2.15%,所得出的汞标准曲线呈现良好的线性关系。该方法准确、可靠,适用于夏蝉体内汞含量检测。This study utilized microwave digestion-atomic fluorescence spectrometry to determine the mercury content in Cicada (summer cicada) samples. After microwave digestion of 5g cicada samples, a 5% nitric acid solution was used as the carrier, and a reducing agent mixture of 0.5% potassium hydroxide and 0.01% sodium borohydride was applied. Detection was performed using an atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results showed a detection limit of 0.045 μg·L−1, with R² ≥ 0.9998. The recovery rate ranged from 84.2% to 116.40%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than or equal to 2.15%. The mercury standard curve exhibited good linearity. This method is accurate and reliable, making it suitable for detecting mercury content in cicadas.
文摘本研究基于《中国植被图集(1:1 000 000)》,利用地理信息系统软件(ArcGIS)对图斑进行矢量化处理,提取甜槠、米槠林植被的信息,并绘制甜槠、米槠林的地理空间分布图。在此基础上,对我国甜槠、米槠林群落的分布特点、群落的类型以及其斑块特征进行研究。结果表明:我国甜槠、米槠林植被总面积约为29280.48 km2,总斑块数为865个。其中,福建和广西的分布面积最广,分别为8141.08 km2和8075.65 km2,分别占我国甜槠、米槠林植被总面积的27.81%和27.58%。甜槠、米槠林图斑的主要特征是:小斑块多,大斑块少,斑块的面积差异显著。大多数斑块的分布较为集中,景观破碎化程度较高。本文的研究结果将为甜槠、米槠林的保护以及可持续管理提供更为全面的科学依据。Based on the “Vegetation Atlas of China (1:1000000)”, this study used geographic information system software (ArcGIS) to vectorize the map spots, extract the vegetation information of Castanopsis eyrei and Castanopsis eyrei forests, and draw the geographic spatial distribution map of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest. Based on this, the distribution characteristics, community types and patch characteristics of the vegetation communities in Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest in China were studied. The results showed that the total vegetation area of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest in China was about 29280.48 km2, and the total number of patches was 865. Among them, Fujian and Guangxi have the widest distribution area, with the distribution area of 8141.08 km2 and 8075.65 km2, accounting for 27.81% and 27.58% of the total vegetation area of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest in China, respectively. The main characteristics of vegetation patterns of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest are as follows: there were more small patches and less large patches, and the area of patches was significantly different. Most patches are concentrated, and the fragmentation of vegetation landscape is high. The research results will provide a more comprehensive scientific basis for the conservation and sustainable management of Castanopsis eyrei, C. carlesii forest.
文摘本论文通过对稷山县森林资源现状分析,发现其森林资源比较集中,种类丰富,同时也存在森林资源开发利用等诸多问题。为了解决这些问题,本论文提出了一系列资源对策。通过实施这些资源对策,可以有效解决稷山县森林资源开发利用问题,实现森林资源的可持续发展。因此,合理利用森林资源生态与经济共同发展具有现实意义。Based on the analysis of the status quo of forest resources in Jishan County, this paper found that the forest resources are relatively concentrated, rich in species, and there are also many problems in the development and utilization of forest resources. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a series of resource countermeasures. By implementing these countermeasures, we can effectively solve the problems of forest resources development and utilization in Jishan County and achieve the sustainable development of forest resources. Therefore, the rational use of Forest Resources and economic co-development of ecological and practical significance.
文摘本文旨在以严谨、理性的态度,对沈阳市近年来垃圾处理情况展开深入分析,通过量化数学研究手段,对垃圾分类进行精确评估。基于国家“双碳”战略背景,本文致力于将所得数据有效整合,并应用于碳排放处理问题的探讨中,以期提出更具针对性的节能减排措施。在研究过程中,本文采用了数学建模、运筹学优化、数据分析以及神经网络等多种工具,对垃圾分类过程中的关键因素进行了全面而深入的量化评估。通过这一方法,本文得以对城市生活垃圾分类问题进行更为细致、系统地剖析,并探索了优化垃圾运输过程中碳足迹的可行性途径,从而为实现“双碳”愿景提供了有力的科学依据和决策支持。为了确保研究的准确性和可靠性,本文还对沈阳市等城市的垃圾清运情况进行了实地调研,并结合线上询问、资料查阅以及大数据爬虫等多种手段,全面掌握了垃圾分类的实施情况及其对碳排放量减少的显著影响。在此基础上,本文构建了一个综合评价指标体系,并运用TOPSIS评价法等多准则决策分析方法,对不同类型垃圾的环保效益进行了精确量化评估。综上所述,本研究成果将为城市生活垃圾分类政策的制定和实施提供更为科学、系统的理论支持,为推进我国垃圾分类事业贡献力量。This article is dedicated to a rigorous and rational analysis of Shenyang’s recent garbage disposal practices, employing quantitative mathematical methods for an accurate evaluation of garbage classification. In alignment with the national “dual carbon” strategy, this study aims to effectively integrate the gathered data into discussions on carbon emission treatment, with the goal of proposing targeted energy-saving and emission-reducing measures. Throughout the research, the article utilized a variety of tools including mathematical modeling, operations research optimization, data analysis, and neural networks to thoroughly quantify key factors in the garbage classification process. This approach allowed for a detailed and systematic examination of urban domestic waste classification, and explored feasible ways to reduce the carbon footprint in waste transportation, thereby offering a robust scientific foundation and decision-making support for the “dual carbon” vision. To ensure the research’s accuracy and reliability, the article also involved field research on the waste collection and transportation in cities like Shenyang, incorporating various methods such as online surveys, data reviews, and big data crawlers to fully understand the implementation of waste classification and its substantial impact on carbon emission reductions. Building on this, the article established a comprehensive evaluation index system and applied the TOPSIS evaluation method among other multi-criteria decision-making techniques to precisely quantify the environmental benefits of different types of waste. In conclusion, the findings of this study offer more scientific and systematic theoretical support for the development and implementation of urban domestic waste classification policies, thereby contributing to the advancement of waste classification initiatives in China.
文摘湿地作为地球上独特的生态系统,具有极高的生态、经济和社会价值。然而,随着人类活动的不断扩张,湿地资源面临着严重的威胁,其面积不断减少,生态功能逐渐退化。本文旨在探讨湿地资源保护与可持续利用的模式,以实现湿地资源的长期保存和合理利用。通过分析湿地资源的现状及其面临的挑战,本文提出了几种可行的保护与利用模式,包括生态恢复、社区参与、可持续旅游和绿色农业等。这些模式不仅有助于保护湿地生态系统,还能促进当地经济的可持续发展。最后,本文强调了政策支持和国际合作在湿地资源保护中的重要性,并提出了相应的建议。As a unique ecosystem on the earth, wetlands have high ecological, economic and social value. However, with the continuous expansion of human activities, wetland resources are facing a serious threat, its area continues to decrease, ecological function gradually degraded. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the mode of wetland resources protection and sustainable utilization in order to realize the long-term conservation and rational utilization of wetland resources. By analyzing the status quo and challenges of wetland resources, this paper puts forward several feasible protection and utilization models, including ecological restoration, community participation, sustainable tourism and Green Agriculture. These models not only help to protect wetland ecosystems, but also promote the sustainable development of the local economy. Finally, this paper emphasizes the importance of policy support and international cooperation in wetland resources protection, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.
文摘近年来,随着林业信息化和智能化的推进,无人机在林业数据采集和分析中的应用日益广泛。本研究以湿地松为研究对象,对比无人机RGB相机(可见光相机)和LiDAR相机(激光雷达相机)在获取湿地松生长性状与地面真实值之间的精度差异,并借此方法寻找湿地松优良家系。这两种无人机通过执行相同的飞行路线,飞行后数据经过数据分析得到每株湿地松的树高和冠幅,并建立胸径预测模型,比较两个相机的预测精度和选育优良家系。结果显示,LiDAR相机在50 m和80 m高度下,树高预测的相关系数R2均为0.88,优于RGB相机的预测精度。50 m高度下RGB相机倾斜摄影的相关系数R2为0.86,优于正射影像的0.78。基于树高和冠幅的胸径预测模型也表现出较高的精度。不同飞行任务获取的数据均对选育优良家系有积极的作用,与真实选育结果一致。虽然RGB相机的预测精度略低于LiDAR相机,但差异不显著,显示其可作为低成本替代方案。激光雷达的飞行高度(50 m和80 m)对树高测量精度无显著影响,80m具有较短的飞行时间,RGB相机倾斜摄影的精度高但飞行时间较长。湿地松的树高、胸径和冠幅均受中高遗传力控制,育种值分析表明10号家系表现优异,适合进一步选育。本研究为无人机在林木资源调查和表型遗传分析应用中提供了科学支持。In recent years, with the advancement of forestry informatization and automation, the application of UAV in forestry data collection and analysis has grown increasingly prevalent. This study focuses on Pinus elliottii to compare the accuracy of UAV RGB sensor (Visible Light Camera) and LiDAR sensor (Lidar Camera) in capturing growth traits relative to ground truth measurements, aiming to identify superior Pinus elliottii families using these methods. Both UAV followed the same flight paths, and after data processing, tree height and crown width for each tree were obtained. A diameter at breast height (DBH) prediction model was then developed, and the accuracy of the two sensors’ predictions was compared, along with their utility in family selection. Results showed that the LiDAR sensor achieved a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.88 for tree height predictions at both 50 m and 80 m altitudes, outperforming the RGB sensor. At 50 m, the RGB sensor’s oblique photography produced an R2 of 0.86, superior to the 0.78 obtained from orthophotos. The DBH prediction model, based on tree height and crown width, also exhibited high accuracy. Data collected from different flight missions positively contributed to the selection of superior families, aligning well with actual breeding outcomes. Although the RGB sensor’s prediction accuracy was slightly lower than that of the LiDAR sensor, the difference was not significant, indicating that it can serve as a cost-effective alternative. The flight altitude of the LiDAR (50 m and 80 m) had no significant effect on tree height measurement accuracy, with the 80 m altitude providing shorter flight times. While the RGB sensor’s oblique photography offered higher accuracy, it required longer flight durations. Tree height, DBH, and crown width in Pinus elliottii were all under moderate to high genetic control. Breeding value analysis indicated that Family 10 exhibited superior traits, making it a candidate for further breeding. This study provides scientific support for the application of UAV in forest resource surveys and phenotypic genetic analysis.
文摘雅长林场是广西天然林和公益林面积最大的林场。为有效保护公益林并促进商品林高质量发展,采用2003~2020年广西国有雅长林场森林资源规划设计调查报告数据,对林业用地、森林面积、森林蓄积、森林覆盖率、森林生长量、森林消耗量等37项指标分析森林资源变化;采用层次分析法AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process)从森林起源、森林结构、森林产能、森林健康、森林价值等方面综合评价森林质量。结果表明,2003~2020年雅长林场林地及森林面积有所减少,森林质量有所提升并保持中等等级,筛选出制约森林质量提升关键评价指标。针对主要存在问题,提出了完善分类经营,优先保护公益林、加强森林防火和科学经营商品林等建议。Yachang is the largest forest farm in the natural forest and public welfare forest area in Guangxi. In order to protect the public welfare forest and promote high-quality development of the commercial forest in this farm, using the data of forest resource investigation of this farm from 2003 to 2020, woodland, forest area, forest stock volume, forest covering rate, forest growth, forest consumption were analyzed statistically. The forest resource quality was evaluated by AHP (the Analytic Hierarchy Process) according to the forest origin, forest structure, forest productivity, forest health and forest value. From 2003 to 2020, the forest area was reduced in large scale, the grades of the forest resource quality valuation were maintained in medium grade in this farm. The key indicators restricting forest quality were selected. In order to promote the forest quality in this farm, the important suggestions are as fellows: adhere to classified management, protecting public welfare forests, forest fire prevention and scientific management of commercial forest.
文摘松树是广西最重要的造林树种之一。松树产业高质量发展要以松树林分高质量为基础。目前,国内外未见松树林分质量评价方法。为促进松树产业高质量发展和松树林分质量评价研究,本研究根据层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process)原理,基于适地适树、分类经营和可持续发展的原则,采用林分起源、林分结构、林分产能、林分健康、林分价值等5大类36项指标建立松树林分质量评价指标体系和评价方法;评价结果分为优秀、良好、中等、及格、不及格5个等级。以广西为例,按照上述评价方法对2015年广西松树林分质量进行评价,结果得74.5分,为中等等级。The pine forest is one of most important trees in Guangxi. At present, there is not the standard method for the plantation quality evaluation. In order to provide a feasible method for pine forest quality evaluation and improve high-quality development of Guangxi pine plantation, this paper established the pine forest quality evaluation index system based on AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), matching species with the site, classification management and sustainable development. The evaluation index system includes the 5 main aspects (forest origin, forest structure, forest productivity, forest health and forest value) and 36 sub-classified indicators. The evaluation result was divided into 5 grades: excellent, good, medium, pass, fail. According to this evaluation method, Guangxi pine plantation quality in 2015 was evaluated, which was medium class.
文摘通过应用ArcGIS软件,对《中国植被图集(1:1000000)》中的黄背草植被数据,进行数字化处理,空间配准和矢量化等操作,并以此为基础计算得到黄背草植被各群系的斑块数量特征以及斑块形状指数,分析与评价黄背草植被群系的地理分布格局与斑块特征。结果表明:黄背草植被在全国多数省份均有分布,主要集中分布于陕西和安徽等地。黄背草植被总面积为14219.39 km2,总共有488个斑块,整体上黄背草植被的斑块面积、个数分布较均衡,各斑块形状均相对不规则,小斑块占比较高,大斑块占比较少,且斑块面积差别较大,斑块破碎化程度较高。基于黄背草植被斑块的情况、黄背草植被的地理分布及其斑块特征、斑块形状的分析,为黄背草植被的退牧还草及可持续发展、防止草场退化和恢复退化草场提供理论参考。By applying ArcGIS software, we digitized, spatially aligned and vectorized the Themeda japonica vegetation data in the “China Vegetation Atlas (1:1000000)”, and calculated the number of patches and the patch shape index of each group of Themeda japonica vegetation on the basis of the data, so as to analyse and evaluate the geographic distribution pattern and the characteristics of the patches of Themeda japonica vegetation groups. The results showed that the Themeda japonica vegetation was distributed in most provinces in China, mainly in Shaanxi and Anhui. The total area of Themeda japonica vegetation is 14219.39 km2, and there are 488 patches in total. On the whole, the patch area and number of Themeda japonica vegetation are more balanced, and the shape of each patch is relatively irregular, with a higher proportion of small patches and a smaller proportion of large patches, and the patch area varies greatly, with a higher degree of patch fragmentation. Based on the situation of Themeda japonica vegetation patches, the geographical distribution of Themeda japonica vegetation and its patch characteristics and the analysis of patch shapes, it provides theoretical references for the retreat of Themeda japonica vegetation to grassland and its sustainable development, the prevention of pasture degradation and the restoration of degraded pastures.
文摘采用典型取样法对桂洋林场样地内种子植物的组成进行调查,分析其多样性及区系成分特征。结果表明桂洋林场种子植物共346种,隶属104科202属。从科级水平看,以单种科最多,共45科,占总科数的43.27%,其次是寡种科,占总科数的36.54%,大科最少,仅7科,占总科数的6.73%;从属级水平看,单种属135属,占总属数的66.83%。科的分布区类型,热带性地理成分46科,占总科数的44.2%,温带成分20科,占总科数的19.2%,说明科的地理成分具有较强的热带性质。属的分布区类型,热带分布类型77属,占总属数的38.1%,温带分布类型93属,占总属数的46.0%,说明具有温带和亚热带性质。本次调查中国特有属有4属,未发现中国特有科。本次研究还对桂洋林场7类资源植物进行介绍,提出植物资源的保护与开发利用建议。The composition of seed plants in the plot of Guiyang forest farm was investigated by typical sampling method, the diversity and floristic composition characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that there were 346 species of seed plants in Guiyang Forest Farm, belonging to 104 families and 202 genera. From the perspective of family level, single-species families were the most, with a total of 45 families, accounting for 43.27% of the total families, followed by oligospecies families, accounting for 36.54% of the total families, and large families were the least, only 7 families, accounting for 6.73% of the total families. At the genus level, there are 135 genera of single species, accounting for 66.83% of the total genera. There are 46 tropical geographical elements, accounting for 44.2% of the total number of families, and 20 temperate elements, accounting for 19.2% of the total number of families, indicating that the geographical elements of the family have strong tropical properties. The distribution type of genera, tropical distribution type 77 genera, accounting for 38.1% of the total number of genera, temperate distribution type 93 genera, accounting for 46.0% of the total number of genera, indicating that there is a temperate zone. And subtropical properties. There are 4 genera endemic to China in this survey, and no families endemic to China were found. At the same time, seven kinds of resource plants in the forest farm were introduced, and suggestions for the protection and development and utilization of plant resources were put forward.
文摘林木种质资源是良种选育的基础材料,是遗传多样性和物种多样性的重要基础,是维护国家生态安全的重要战略资源。林木良种选育是林业可持续发展的重要保障,通过选育和推广林木良种,可以保护和利用林木种质资源,维护生物多样性,促进林业科技创新和产业升级,带动相关产业的发展,促进林业经济的繁荣。山东(省本级) 2002年至2023年审、认定的林木品种有42科77属1杂交属109种(包括杂交种、家系),共计751个;山东省参与国家审、认定品种有22科34属167个品种;合计48科79属964个。通过对审认定林木品种的统计分析,总结了各品种的科属比例分布、年份申请数量、品种选育类别、用途分类比例和国省两级审、认定的树种分布差异等,发现了山东林木品种选育的一些问题,并对此提出一些建议,以此对山东地区的林木品种选育提供参考。Forest germplasm resources are the basic materials for breeding better varieties, the important basis for genetic diversity and species diversity, and the important strategic resources for maintaining national ecological security. The selection and breeding of high-quality forest seeds is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of forestry. By selecting and promoting high-quality forest seeds, we can protect and utilize forest germplasm resources, maintain biodiversity, promote forestry scientific and technological innovation and industrial upgrading, drive the development of related industries, and promote the prosperity of forestry economy. From 2002 to 2023, a total of 751 forest varieties belonging to 42 Families, 78 Genera and 109 species (including hybrids and families) were certified or pre-certified in Shandong province, and 167 varieties belonging to 34 genera and 22 families were certified with the participation of Shandong Province. A total of 964 varieties belonged to 48 families and 79 genera. Through the statistical analysis of varieties above, the proportion distribution of families and genera, the number of applications in the year, the category of variety breeding, the proportion of utility classification, and the distribution differences of tree species at the national and provincial certified levels were summarized. Some problems in the breeding of forest varieties in Shandong Province were found, and some suggestions were put forward to provide reference for the breeding of forest varieties in Shandong Province.
文摘为更好地识别海南产紫珠属(Callicarpa L.) 5种植物,即杜虹花(C. formasana Rolfe)、裸花紫珠(C. nudiflora Vahl)、红腺紫珠(C. erythrosticta Merr. & Chun)、短柄紫珠[C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance] 及散花紫珠[C. kochiana var. laxiflora (H. T. Chang) W. Z. Fang] 的木材解剖学特征,本文对上述植物的树皮、木材宏观及微观构造进行了详细的观测和描述。对上述五者的研究表明:树皮极薄,厚度为0.7~1.4 mm;而树皮颜色、皮孔略有不同。宏观特征:共同特征在于心边材区别不明显;散孔材;管孔大小略一致;轴向薄壁组织无或不明显;横切面上木射线清晰,较细密,常比管孔小;弦切面上呈银白色细线状;径切面上射线斑纹明显。不同特征在于髓心形状、生长轮大小、侵填体数量、内涵韧皮部有无等,其中杜虹花和裸花紫珠的髓心形状分别呈近六边形和近四方形,较为特殊,其他呈近圆形至椭圆形;短柄紫珠生长轮最窄(8~10轮/cm),而裸花紫珠最宽(1.5~2轮/cm);杜虹花和散花紫珠的侵填体较多;短柄紫珠和散花紫珠横切面上可见明显的长条状内涵韧皮部。微观特征:共同特征在于单管孔和径列复管孔(2~4个)为主,管间纹孔式互列;木射线非叠生,常同一列射线出现2次以上多列的部分。不同特征在于管孔密度、木射线类型、射线大小等,其中红腺紫珠的管孔密度最小(20~30个/mm2),短柄紫珠管孔密度最大(80~100个/mm2);裸花紫珠木射线类型以异形Ⅲ型为主,而其它4种以异形Ⅱ型为主;短柄紫珠的多列木射线常宽2细胞(稀3细胞),其他4种宽2~5细胞。与同科的柚木(Tectona grandis L.f.)和石梓(Gmelina chinensis Benth.)的比较研究表明,紫珠属植物在木材类型、管孔大小、管孔密度、管孔弦径、轴向薄壁组织、内涵韧皮部、木射线数量、木射线类型等方面与上述两属的木材构造具有一定的差异。综上所述,5种紫珠属植物的木材解剖构造上有很多相似之处,但也存在差异,本研究将为该属植物的木材鉴定与应用、系统分类和植物保护等方面提供依据。In order to better identify the wood anatomical characteristics of five species of Callicarpa L. plants in Hainan, namely C. formasana Rolfe, C. nudiflora Hook. & Arn., C. erythrosticta Merr. & Chun, C. brevipes (Benth.) Hance and C. kochiana var. laxiflora (H. T. Chang) W. Z. Fang, this paper has carried out detailed observations and descriptions of the macro-structure and micro-structure of these plants wood and bark. The experiment results of the five species indicated that: the barks were extremely thin, with a thickness of 0.7~1.4 mm, but the color and lenticel of the bark were different. Macroscopic features: The common characteristics were that the difference between heartwood and sapwood was not obvious;diffuse-porous wood;pores size was slightly consistent;axial parenchyma was absent or not obvious;xylem rays were clear, relatively fine, and often smaller than pores on the cross-section;it appeared as silver white fine lines on the tangential section;the xylem ray stripes were obvious on the radial section. The different characteristics were that the shape of pith, the size of growth ring, the number of tyloses, and the presence or absence of interxylary phloem, ect. Among them, the pith shapes of C. formasana and C. nudiflora were nearly hexagonal and nearly quadrilateral respectively, which are relatively special, while the others were nearly round to oval. The growth ring of C. brevipes was the narrowest (8~10 r/cm), while C. nudiflora was the widest (1.5~2 r/cm). There were many tyloses in C. formasana and C. kochiana var. laxiflora. There were obviously long strip of interxylary phloem on the cross section of C. brevipes and C. kochiana var. laxiflora. Microscopic features: The common characteristics were that mainly solitary pore and radial multiple pore (2~4), intervessel pitting alternate;the xylem rays non overlapping, frequent occurrence twice or more multiseriate parts in the same ray. The different characteristics were the density of pore, the type of xylem ray, the size of xylem ray, etc. Among them, the pore density of C. erythrosticta was the lowest (20~30/cm2), while C. brevipes was the highest (80~100/cm2);the xylem ray types of C. nudiflora were mainly heterogeneous III type, while the other four species were mainly heterogeneous II type. Multiseriate xylem rays of C. brevipes were usually 2 cells wide (rarely 3 cells wide), and the other four species were 2~5 cells wide. The wood structure comparative research with Gmelina chinensis Benth. and Tectona grandis L.f. of the same family indicated that the plants of Callicarpa had certain differences in terms of wood type, pore size, pore density, chord diameter of pore, axial parenchyma, interxylary phloem, number and type of xylem rays. To sum up, there were many similarities in the wood anatomical structures of the five species of Callicarpa L., but there were also significant differences. This research will provide a basis for the wood identification, application, systematic classification and plant conservation of the plants of this Genus.
文摘目的:抽地下咸水重复灌溉,使加剧了农田的盐碱化,该文提出节水控制盐碱化的技术。方法:根据土壤对水分的吸水能力、土壤性质、水质、滴水量及滴水时间相同的条件下,采用全用地下咸水滴灌与先用地下咸水湿润土壤后交换磁化水滴灌的方法,该方法对枸杞根区盐分的变化及节水效果进行研究。[结果]对盐分9.55 g/kg盐碱土进行灌水8次之后,全用地下咸水滴灌时根区盐分的降低量为0.78 g/kg,先用地下咸水湿润土壤后交换磁化水滴灌时根区盐分的降低量为1.02 g/kg,交换磁化水滴灌方法可提高淋洗盐分的效率。结论:全用地下咸水滴灌与交换磁化水滴灌相比,交换磁化水滴灌可加速湿润体盐分的各向运移,每年可节约3次的冲洗盐分用水量。湿润体盐分的各向运移不仅与土壤性质、土壤盐分、土壤容重及灌水次数有关,而且与土壤易溶盐、咸水的磁化程度及水源盐分也有密切的关系。Objective: Repetitive irrigation with underground saline water exacerbates the salinization of farmland. This article proposes water-saving control techniques for salinization. Method: Under the same conditions of soil water absorption capacity, soil properties, water quality, drip amount, and drip time, the method of using all underground saline water drip irrigation and first wetting the soil with underground saline water and then exchanging magnetized water drip irrigation was adopted to study the variation of salt content and water-saving effect in the Chinese Wolfberry root zone. Result: After irrigating the saline alkali soil with a salt content of 9.55 g/kg 8 times, the reduction in root zone salt content was 0.78 g/kg when using underground saline water drip irrigation. The reduction in root zone salt content was 1.02 g/kg when using underground saline water to moisten the soil first and then exchanging magnetized water for drip irrigation. The exchange magnetized water drip irrigation method can improve the efficiency of salt leaching. Conclusion: Compared with exchange magnetized water drip irrigation, exchange magnetized water drip irrigation can accelerate the anisotropic transport of salt in moist bodies and save 3 times of flushing salt water usage per year. The anisotropic transport of salt in moist soil is not only related to soil properties, soil salinity, soil bulk density, and irrigation frequency, but also closely related to the solubility of soil salts, the degree of magnetization of saline water, and the salinity of water sources.
