BACKGROUND Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1),a nonselective cation channel,is activated by capsaicin,a pungent ingredient of hot pepper.Previous studies have suggested a link between obesity and capsaici...BACKGROUND Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1),a nonselective cation channel,is activated by capsaicin,a pungent ingredient of hot pepper.Previous studies have suggested a link between obesity and capsaicin-associated pathways,and activation of TRPV1 may provide an alternative approach for obesity treatment.However,data on the TRPV1 distribution in human gastric mucosa are limited,and the degree of TRPV1 distribution in the gastric and duodenal mucosal cells of obese people in comparison with normal-weight individuals is unknown.AIM To clarify gastric and duodenal mucosal expression of TRPV1 in humans and compare TRPV1 expression in obese and healthy individuals.METHODS Forty-six patients with a body mass index(BMI)of>40 kg/m^(2) and 20 patients with a BMI between 18-25 kg/m^(2) were included.Simultaneous biopsies from the fundus,antrum,and duodenum tissues were obtained from subjects between the ages of 18 and 65 who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy.Age,sex,history of alcohol and cigarette consumption,and past medical history regarding chronic diseases and medications were accessed from patient charts and were analyzed accordingly.Evaluation with anti-TRPV1 antibody was performed separately according to cell types in the fundus,antrum,and duodenum tissues using an immunoreactivity score.Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0.RESULTS TRPV1 expression was higher in the stomach than in the duodenum and was predominantly found in parietal and chief cells of the fundus and mucous and foveolar cells of the antrum.Unlike foveolar cells in the antrum,TRPV1 was relatively low in foveolar cells in the fundus(4.92±0.49 vs 0.48±0.16,P<0.01,Mann-Whitney U test).Additionally,the mucous cells in the duodenum also had low levels of TRPV1 compared to mucous cells in the antrum(1.33±0.31 vs 2.95±0.46,P<0.01,Mann-Whitney U test).TRPV1 expression levels of different cell types in the fundus,antrum,and duodenum tissues of the morbidly obese group were similar to those of the control group.Staining with TRPV1 in fundus chief cells and antrum and duodenum mucous cells was higher in patients aged≥45 years than in patients<45 years(3.03±0.42,4.37±0.76,2.28±0.55 vs 1.9±0.46,1.58±0.44,0.37±0.18,P=0.03,P<0.01,P<0.01,respectively,Mann-Whitney U test).The mean staining levels of TRPV1 in duodenal mucous cells in patients with diabetes and hypertension were higher than those in patients without diabetes and hypertension(diabetes:2.11±0.67 vs 1.02±0.34,P=0.04;hypertension:2.42±0.75 vs 1.02±0.33,P<0.01 Mann-Whitney U test).CONCLUSION The expression of TRPV1 is unchanged in the gastroduodenal mucosa of morbidly obese patients demonstrating that drugs targeting TRPV1 may be effective in these patients.展开更多
Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly destructive pest that has become a global problem due to its robust reproductive and migratory capabilities.Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels,which constitute a vast ion chann...Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly destructive pest that has become a global problem due to its robust reproductive and migratory capabilities.Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels,which constitute a vast ion channel family,play pivotal roles in sensing the external environment and maintaining internal homeostasis in insects.TRP channels have been widely investigated for their critical roles in regulating various insect behaviors in recent years.In this study,we identified 15 TRP gene loci encoding 26 transcripts in the genome of S.frugiperda and analyzed their expression profiles at different developmental stages.The results revealed that S.frugiperda possesses four TRPC genes,six TRPA genes,one TRPM gene,two TRPV genes,one TRPN gene,and one TRPML gene,while a canonical TRPP is absent.Moreover,the SfruTRPA1 was functionally characterized using the Xenopus oocyte expression system.The results showed that SfruTRPA1 is activated by temperature increases from 20 to 45℃,and there is no significant desensitization after repeated stimuli within the same temperature range.Additionally,SfruTRPA1 is activated by certain natural chemicals,including allyl isothiocyanate(AITC)and cinnamaldehyde(CA).These findings provide valuable insights to the TRP genes in S.frugiperda.展开更多
Ambient temperature considerably affects the physiology and behavior of mammals.Thermosensory and thermoregulatory abilities play an important role in the response to changing ambient temperature in endotherms.However...Ambient temperature considerably affects the physiology and behavior of mammals.Thermosensory and thermoregulatory abilities play an important role in the response to changing ambient temperature in endotherms.However,the molecular mechanisms of behavioral thermoregulation remain poorly understood.Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1)is activated by changes in ambient temperature and is involved in acute thermoregulation.Here,we aimed to determine whether TRPV1 is involved in behavioral thermoregulation in wild rodents by conducting 2 experiments.In the first,42 adult Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus;14 per treatment)were randomly assigned to 3 housing temperatures(4,23,and 36℃for 4 weeks.In the second,20 gerbils(10 per treatment)were randomly injected with capsaicin(TRPV1 agonist)or AMG517(TRPV1 antagonist).The results showed a significant decrease in food intake and non-shivering thermogenesis in the gerbils housed at 36℃.Additionally,there was a significant increase in the preference of gerbils housed at 4℃ to low temperatures.The expression of TRPV1 protein in the brown adipose tissue(BAT)and liver was significantly positively correlated with that of protein kinase A(PKA).The expression of TRPV1 and PKA proteins in the BAT was positively correlated with the temperature preference of the gerbils.The gerbils injected with capsaicin preferred significantly lower temperatures than the control group gerbils.These findings suggest that TRPV1 and PKA are involved in behavioral thermoregulation in Mongolian gerbils.展开更多
The study titled“Transient receptor potential-related risk model predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients”is a significant contribution to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)research,highlighting the role o...The study titled“Transient receptor potential-related risk model predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients”is a significant contribution to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)research,highlighting the role of transient receptor potential(TRP)family genes in the disease’s progression and prognosis.Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database,it establishes a new risk assessment model,emphasizing the interaction of TRP genes with tumor proliferation pathways,key metabolic reactions like retinol metabolism,and the tumor immune microenvironment.Notably,the overexpression of the TRPC1 gene in HCC correlates with poorer patient survival outcomes,suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a target for personalized therapy,particularly in strategies combining immunotherapy and anti-TRP agents.展开更多
AIM To investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the traditional oriental herbal medicine Daikenchuto(DKT) associated with transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1) channels in intestinal myofibroblasts. METHODS In...AIM To investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the traditional oriental herbal medicine Daikenchuto(DKT) associated with transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1) channels in intestinal myofibroblasts. METHODS Inflammatory and fibrotic changes were detected in a2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid(TNBS) chronic colitis model of wild-type and TRPA1-knockout(TRPA1-KO) mice via pathological staining and immunoblotting analysis.Ca^(2+) imaging experiments examined the effects of DKT and its components/ingredients on intestinal myofibroblast(In Myo Fib) cell TRPA1 channel function.Profibrotic factors and transforming growth factor (TGF) -β1-associated signaling were tested in an In Myo Fib cell line by q PCR and immunoblotting experiments.Samples from non-stenotic and stenotic regions of the intestines of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) were used for pathological analysis. RESULTS Chronic treatment with TNBS caused more severe inflammation and fibrotic changes in TRPA1-KO than in wild-type mice.A one-week enema administration of DKT reduced fibrotic lesions in wild-type but not in TRPA1-KO mice.The active ingredients of DKT,i.e.,hydroxyα-sanshool and 6-shogaol,induced Ca^(2+) influxes in In Myo Fib,and this was antagonized by co-treatment with a selective TRPA1 channel blocker,HC-030031.DKT counteracted TGF-β1-induced expression of TypeⅠcollagen andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) ,which were accompanied by a reduction in the phosphorylation of Smad-2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and the expression of myocardin.Importantly,24-h incubation with a DKT active component Japanese Pepper increased the m RNA and protein expression levels of TRPA1 in In Myo Fibs,which in turn negatively regulated collagen synthesis.In the stenotic regions of the intestines of CD patients,TRPA1 expression was significantly enhanced.CONCLUSION The effects of DKT on the expression and activation of the TRPA1 channel could be advantageous for suppressing intestinal fibrosis,and benefit inflammatory bowel disease treatment.展开更多
Transient receptor potential channel A1 is one of the important transducers of noxious stimuli in the primary afferents, which may contribute to generation of neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia. The present stud...Transient receptor potential channel A1 is one of the important transducers of noxious stimuli in the primary afferents, which may contribute to generation of neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia. The present study was designed to investigate if activation of transient receptor potential channel A1 may induce calcitonin gene-related peptide release from the primary afferent neurons. We found that application of allyl isothiocyanate, a transient receptor potential channel A1 activator, caused calcitonin gene-related peptide release from the cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Knock- down of transient receptor potential channel A1 with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide prevented calcitonin gene-related peptide release by allyl isothiocyanate application in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Thus, we concluded that transient receptor potential channel A1 activation caused calcitonin gene-related peptide release in sensory neurons.展开更多
The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1（TRPV1） provides the sensation of pain（nociception）. However, it remains unknown whether TRPV1 is activated after peripheral nerve injury, or whe...The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1（TRPV1） provides the sensation of pain（nociception）. However, it remains unknown whether TRPV1 is activated after peripheral nerve injury, or whether activation of TRPV1 affects neural regeneration. In the present study, we established rat models of unilateral sciatic nerve crush injury, with or without pretreatment with AMG517（300 mg/kg）, a TRPV1 antagonist, injected subcutaneously into the ipsilateral paw 60 minutes before injury. At 1 and 2 weeks after injury, we performed immunofluorescence staining of the sciatic nerve at the center of injury, at 0.3 cm proximal and distal to the injury site, and in the dorsal root ganglia. Our results showed that Wallerian degeneration occurred distal to the injury site, and neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell regeneration occurred proximal to the injury. The number of regenerating myelinated and unmyelinated nerve clusters was greater in the AMG517-pretreated rats than in the vehicle-treated group, most notably 2 weeks after injury. TRPV1 expression in the injured sciatic nerve and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia was markedly greater than on the contralateral side. Pretreatment with AMG517 blocked this effect. These data indicate that TRPV1 is activated or overexpressed after sciatic nerve crush injury, and that blockade of TRPV1 may accelerate regeneration of the injured sciatic nerve.展开更多
Background: Transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) 1 is known as a peripheral initiator of acute inflammation and hyperalgesia. However, its role in the facilitation of innate immune responses followed by resolut...Background: Transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) 1 is known as a peripheral initiator of acute inflammation and hyperalgesia. However, its role in the facilitation of innate immune responses followed by resolution of the inflammation triggered by a surgical incision has not been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the mechanism by which TRPA1 regulates the inflammatory responses mainly facilitated by neutrophils and macrophages in the early course of wound repair after an incision. Methods: Plantar incision was performed in wild-type and TRPA1-/- mice. The infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophage phenotype, and induction of inflammatory mediators were assessed for 7 days postoperatively. Results: TRPA1-/-?mice exhibited decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophilscompared with wild-type mice on day 1. Consistently, the influx of F4/80+ iNOS+ proinflammatory M1 macrophages to incised sites was markedly decreased on day 2. Similarly, F4/80+ CD206+M2 macrophages, which regulate the resolution of inflammation and promote wound healing in the later phase of acute inflammation, were significantly decreased in TRPA1-/- compared with those in wild-type mice on day 7. In addition, the induction of heme oxygenase-1, which promotes wound healing by switching phenotype of macrophages, was decreased in the early phase of acute inflammation, whereas the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and cyclooxygenase-2, and 15-lipoxygenase, which are involved in the resolution of inflammation was increased in the late phase in TRPA1-/- mice. Conclusions: Early innate immune responses including neutrophil infiltration and macrophage polarization at incised sites were inhibited in TRPA1-/- mice, associated with increased pro-inflammatory mediators in later phase. Peripheral TRPA1 may facilitate the acute inflammatory process, leading to the promotion of macrophage-mediated resolution of inflammation and wound repair after a surgical incision.展开更多
Background: It is important to maintain skin homeostasis for cosmetic and medical reasons. Many ceramide-related ingredients and cosmetics have been developed to improve the skin barrier function and skin hydration. S...Background: It is important to maintain skin homeostasis for cosmetic and medical reasons. Many ceramide-related ingredients and cosmetics have been developed to improve the skin barrier function and skin hydration. Similar to extracellular lipids, the cornified envelope, which is a structure formed beneath the plasma membrane, contributes to the skin barrier function as a scaffold for extracellular lipids. Therefore, in this study, we focused on transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) which is the key enzyme for formation of the cornified envelope Objective: The objectives of this study were to identify compounds that could upregulate the expression of TGM1 and evaluate their underlying action mechanisms. Methods: Expression of the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily member 4 (TRPV4) at the mRNA and protein levels was estimated by PCR and western blotting. Effects of baicalein and Salvia officinalis (SO) extract on TGM1 mRNA expression were measured by PCR. The involvement of TRPV4 in TGM1 mRNA expression was evaluated by the inhibition and silencing of TRPV4. Results: TRPV4 was expressed in both basal cell-like HaCaT cells and suprabasal cell-like HaCaT cells. Baicalein and SO extract upregulated TGM1 mRNA expression in basal cell-like HaCaT cells. However, inhibition and silencing of TRPV4 abrogated the effects of baicalein and SO extract. Conclusion: Baicalein and SO extract upregulated the expression of TGM1 mRNA via the activation of TRPV4, suggesting that it may improve the skin barrier function by enhancing cornified envelope formation.展开更多
The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is a calcium-permeable cation channel member of the TRP family. Also known as an oxidative stress-activated channel, the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 gating m...The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is a calcium-permeable cation channel member of the TRP family. Also known as an oxidative stress-activated channel, the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 gating mechanism is dependent on reactive oxygen species. In pathological conditions, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is overactivated, leading to a Ca~(2+) influx that alters cell homeostasis and promotes cell death. The role of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and ischemia, has already been described and reviewed. However, data on transient receptor potential melastatin 2 involvement in Parkinson's disease pathology has emerged only in recent years and the issue lacks review studies that focus specifically on this topic. The present review aims to elucidate the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease by reviewing, summarizing, and discussing the in vitro, in vivo, and human studies published until August 2022. Here we describe fourteen studies that evaluated the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson's disease model used, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonist and genetic approaches, and the main outcomes reported were discussed. The studies described transient receptor potential melastatin 2 activation and enhanced expression in different Parkinson's disease models. They also evidenced protective and restorative effects when using transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonists, knockout, or silencing. This review provides a literature overview and suggests where there is a need for more research. As a perspective point, this review shows evidence that supports transient receptor potential melastatin 2 as a pharmacological target for Parkinson's disease in the future.展开更多
BACKGROUND Members of the transient receptor potential(TRP)protein family shape oncogenic development,but the specific relevance of TRP-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has yet to be defined.AIM To invest...BACKGROUND Members of the transient receptor potential(TRP)protein family shape oncogenic development,but the specific relevance of TRP-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has yet to be defined.AIM To investigate the role of TRP genes in HCC,their association with HCC development and treatment was examined.METHODS HCC patient gene expression and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database,and univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression models were employed to explore the TRP-related risk spectrum.Based on these analyses,clinically relevant TRP family genes were selected,and the association between the key TRP canonical type 1(TRPC1)gene and HCC patient prognosis was evaluated.RESULTS In total,28 TRP family genes were screened for clinical relevance,with multivariate analyses ultimately revealing three of these genes(TRPC1,TRP cation channel subfamily M member 2,and TRP cation channel subfamily M member 6)to be significantly associated with HCC patient prognosis(P<0.05).These genes were utilized to establish a TRP-related risk model.Patients were separated into low-and high-risk groups based on the expression of these genes,and high-risk patients exhibited a significantly poorer prognosis(P=0.001).Functional analyses highlighted pronounced differences in the immune status of patients in these two groups and associated enriched immune pathways.TRPC1 was identified as a candidate gene in this family worthy of further study,with HCC patients expressing higher TRPC1 levels exhibiting poorer survival outcomes.Consistently,quantitative,immunohistochemistry,and western blot analyses revealed increased TRPC1 expression in HCC.CONCLUSION These three TRP genes help determine HCC patient prognosis,providing insight into tumor immune status and immunological composition.These findings will help design combination therapies including immunotherapeutic and anti-TRP agents.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To explore if Hewei Jiangni granule(和胃降逆颗粒,HWJNG)could regulate esophageal hypersensitivity via stromal interaction molecule 1(STIM1)/transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1(TRPV1)pat...OBJECTIVE:To explore if Hewei Jiangni granule(和胃降逆颗粒,HWJNG)could regulate esophageal hypersensitivity via stromal interaction molecule 1(STIM1)/transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1(TRPV1)pathway.METHODS:Qualitative analysis of HWJNG was analysis by high performance of liquid and gas chromatography.In vivo,animal model of non-erosive reflux disease(NERD)was established by fructose intake and restraint stress.HWJNG and Omeprazole were administered by gavage to the drug intervention group.Reflux and visceral hypersensitivity were analyzed by pathological changes,PH value test,mechanical paw withdrawal threshold,thermal withdrawal latency and mast cells(MCs)degranulation.In vitro,substance P(SP)-induced P815 cells and dorsal root ganglion(DRG)cells were cocultured.Expression in both mice and cells of STIM1,TRPV1,and esophageal visceral hypersensitivity-related gastrointestinal neurochemicals were validated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays,quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and Western blot.Moreover,overexpression and small interfering RNA against STIM1 were utilized to verify of the role of HWJNG in DRG cells.RESULTS:HWJNG significantly suppressed intercellular space widening,injury of mitochondrial,MCs degranulation,mechanical allodynia and heat neuropathic sensory and increased pH value of esophageal mucosa in NERD mice.HWJNG inhibited expression of visceral hypersensitivityrelated gastrointestinal neurochemicals in esophageal mucosa and activated P815 cells,and expression of the STIM1,TRPV1 and related neurotransmitters in DRG and DRG cells.STIM1 siRNA and HWJNG both reduced P815 cells adhesion to DRGs cells and Ca2+flow into the cytoplasmic space of DRG cells.Furthermore,HWJNG could reversed STIM1 overexpression induced upregulation of TRPV1.CONCLUSION:HWJNG suppressed intercellular space widening in NERD mice,stabilized MCs and restored neuronal hyperexcitability by regulating visceral hypersensitivity via STIM1/TRPV1 pathway.展开更多
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is linked to an earlier onset and heightened severity of urinary complications,particularly bladder dysfunction,which profoundly impacts patient quality of life.Overactive bladder(OAB)i...BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is linked to an earlier onset and heightened severity of urinary complications,particularly bladder dysfunction,which profoundly impacts patient quality of life.Overactive bladder(OAB)is a common storage disorder of the lower urinary tract and is characterized by urgency,frequency,and nocturia.Several factors contribute to bladder dysfunction in diabetic individuals,including changes in urothelial signaling,detrusor morphology,and central nervous system regulation.The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel,expressed by bladder urothelial cells,is upregulated in OAB and plays a crucial role in ATP release during bladder filling.This ATP release subsequently activates purinergic receptor P2X3,further exacerbating OAB symptoms.AIM To clarify the mechanism of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RYGB)metabolic surgery to improve OAB in type 2 DM(T2DM).METHODS The model of T2DM was induced by feeding a high-fat diet to mice for 16 weeks.After 16 weeks,sham operation and RYGB operation were performed.The related indexes of glucose metabolism were also detected to evaluate the therapeutic effect,and the recovery degree of bladder function and micturition behavior of mice was assessed by urodynamics and micturition spot analysis.RESULTS Compared with the normal mice in the sham group,T2DM mice had increased urine spot count,uncontrolled urination behavior,shortened urination interval,and reduced bladder capacity.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence costaining showed that Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1(TRPV1)and purinergic receptor P2X3 were both expressed in mouse bladder epithelial layer,and they had the same localization.In the bladder of T2DM mice,the mRNA and protein expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 were significantly increased.The ATP content in urine of T2DM mice was significantly higher than that of the sham group.After RYGB operation,the glucose metabolism index of the RYGB group was significantly improved compared with the OAB group.Comparing the results of urine spots,urodynamics,and histology,it was found that the function and morphological structure of the bladder in the RYGB group also recovered obviously.Compared with the OAB group,the expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the RYGB group was downregulated,and the level of inflammatory factors was significantly decreased.RYGB significantly decreased the content of ATP in urine and activated AMPK signaling.CONCLUSION RYGB downregulated the expression of TRPV1 by inhibiting inflammatory factors,thus inhibiting the enhancement of P2X3 by TRPV1.RYGB directly inhibited the activity of P2X3 by inhibiting ATP synthesis in the bladder epithelium to improve OAB.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic effects of total flavonoids of Longxuejie(Resina Dracaenae Cochinchinensis)(TFDB) and explore the possible analgesic mechanism associated with transient receptor potential vanilloi...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic effects of total flavonoids of Longxuejie(Resina Dracaenae Cochinchinensis)(TFDB) and explore the possible analgesic mechanism associated with transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1).METHODS: Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to observe the effects of TFDB on capsaicin-induced TRPV1 currents. Rat experiments in vivo were used to observe the analgesic effects of TFDB. Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments were used to test the change of TRPV1 expression in DRG neurons induced by TFDB.RESULTS: Results showed that TFDB inhibited capsaicin-induced TRPV1 receptor currents in acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons of rats and the half inhibitory concentration was(16.7 ± 1.6) mg/L.TFDB(2-20 mg/kg) showed analgesic activity in the phase Ⅱ of formalin test and(0.02-2 mg per paw)reduced capsaicin-induced licking times of rats. TFDB(20 mg/kg) was fully efficacious on complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)-induced inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia and capsaicin could weaken the analgesic effects. The level of TRPV1 expressions of DRG neurons was also decreased in TFDB-treated CFA-inflammatory pain rats.CONCLUSION: All these results indicated that the analgesic effect of TFDB may contribute to their modulations on both function and expression of TRPV1 channels in DRG neurons.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1),a nonselective cation channel,is activated by capsaicin,a pungent ingredient of hot pepper.Previous studies have suggested a link between obesity and capsaicin-associated pathways,and activation of TRPV1 may provide an alternative approach for obesity treatment.However,data on the TRPV1 distribution in human gastric mucosa are limited,and the degree of TRPV1 distribution in the gastric and duodenal mucosal cells of obese people in comparison with normal-weight individuals is unknown.AIM To clarify gastric and duodenal mucosal expression of TRPV1 in humans and compare TRPV1 expression in obese and healthy individuals.METHODS Forty-six patients with a body mass index(BMI)of>40 kg/m^(2) and 20 patients with a BMI between 18-25 kg/m^(2) were included.Simultaneous biopsies from the fundus,antrum,and duodenum tissues were obtained from subjects between the ages of 18 and 65 who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy.Age,sex,history of alcohol and cigarette consumption,and past medical history regarding chronic diseases and medications were accessed from patient charts and were analyzed accordingly.Evaluation with anti-TRPV1 antibody was performed separately according to cell types in the fundus,antrum,and duodenum tissues using an immunoreactivity score.Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0.RESULTS TRPV1 expression was higher in the stomach than in the duodenum and was predominantly found in parietal and chief cells of the fundus and mucous and foveolar cells of the antrum.Unlike foveolar cells in the antrum,TRPV1 was relatively low in foveolar cells in the fundus(4.92±0.49 vs 0.48±0.16,P<0.01,Mann-Whitney U test).Additionally,the mucous cells in the duodenum also had low levels of TRPV1 compared to mucous cells in the antrum(1.33±0.31 vs 2.95±0.46,P<0.01,Mann-Whitney U test).TRPV1 expression levels of different cell types in the fundus,antrum,and duodenum tissues of the morbidly obese group were similar to those of the control group.Staining with TRPV1 in fundus chief cells and antrum and duodenum mucous cells was higher in patients aged≥45 years than in patients<45 years(3.03±0.42,4.37±0.76,2.28±0.55 vs 1.9±0.46,1.58±0.44,0.37±0.18,P=0.03,P<0.01,P<0.01,respectively,Mann-Whitney U test).The mean staining levels of TRPV1 in duodenal mucous cells in patients with diabetes and hypertension were higher than those in patients without diabetes and hypertension(diabetes:2.11±0.67 vs 1.02±0.34,P=0.04;hypertension:2.42±0.75 vs 1.02±0.33,P<0.01 Mann-Whitney U test).CONCLUSION The expression of TRPV1 is unchanged in the gastroduodenal mucosa of morbidly obese patients demonstrating that drugs targeting TRPV1 may be effective in these patients.
基金funded by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(KQTD20180411143628272)the Special Funds for Science Technology Innovation and Industrial Development of Shenzhen Dapeng New District,China(pt202101-02)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0116500).
文摘Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly destructive pest that has become a global problem due to its robust reproductive and migratory capabilities.Transient receptor potential(TRP)channels,which constitute a vast ion channel family,play pivotal roles in sensing the external environment and maintaining internal homeostasis in insects.TRP channels have been widely investigated for their critical roles in regulating various insect behaviors in recent years.In this study,we identified 15 TRP gene loci encoding 26 transcripts in the genome of S.frugiperda and analyzed their expression profiles at different developmental stages.The results revealed that S.frugiperda possesses four TRPC genes,six TRPA genes,one TRPM gene,two TRPV genes,one TRPN gene,and one TRPML gene,while a canonical TRPP is absent.Moreover,the SfruTRPA1 was functionally characterized using the Xenopus oocyte expression system.The results showed that SfruTRPA1 is activated by temperature increases from 20 to 45℃,and there is no significant desensitization after repeated stimuli within the same temperature range.Additionally,SfruTRPA1 is activated by certain natural chemicals,including allyl isothiocyanate(AITC)and cinnamaldehyde(CA).These findings provide valuable insights to the TRP genes in S.frugiperda.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31970417 and 31772461)to DHWthe State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents(Grant No.IPM2004).
文摘Ambient temperature considerably affects the physiology and behavior of mammals.Thermosensory and thermoregulatory abilities play an important role in the response to changing ambient temperature in endotherms.However,the molecular mechanisms of behavioral thermoregulation remain poorly understood.Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1)is activated by changes in ambient temperature and is involved in acute thermoregulation.Here,we aimed to determine whether TRPV1 is involved in behavioral thermoregulation in wild rodents by conducting 2 experiments.In the first,42 adult Mongolian gerbils(Meriones unguiculatus;14 per treatment)were randomly assigned to 3 housing temperatures(4,23,and 36℃for 4 weeks.In the second,20 gerbils(10 per treatment)were randomly injected with capsaicin(TRPV1 agonist)or AMG517(TRPV1 antagonist).The results showed a significant decrease in food intake and non-shivering thermogenesis in the gerbils housed at 36℃.Additionally,there was a significant increase in the preference of gerbils housed at 4℃ to low temperatures.The expression of TRPV1 protein in the brown adipose tissue(BAT)and liver was significantly positively correlated with that of protein kinase A(PKA).The expression of TRPV1 and PKA proteins in the BAT was positively correlated with the temperature preference of the gerbils.The gerbils injected with capsaicin preferred significantly lower temperatures than the control group gerbils.These findings suggest that TRPV1 and PKA are involved in behavioral thermoregulation in Mongolian gerbils.
文摘The study titled“Transient receptor potential-related risk model predicts prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients”is a significant contribution to hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)research,highlighting the role of transient receptor potential(TRP)family genes in the disease’s progression and prognosis.Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas database,it establishes a new risk assessment model,emphasizing the interaction of TRP genes with tumor proliferation pathways,key metabolic reactions like retinol metabolism,and the tumor immune microenvironment.Notably,the overexpression of the TRPC1 gene in HCC correlates with poorer patient survival outcomes,suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and a target for personalized therapy,particularly in strategies combining immunotherapy and anti-TRP agents.
基金MEXT,KAKENHI,No.15K08978,No.22790677 and No.25860571a MEXT-Supported Program supporting research activities of female researchers+1 种基金the Clinical Research Foundationthe Central Research Institute of Fukuoka University,No.151045 and No.147104
文摘AIM To investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of the traditional oriental herbal medicine Daikenchuto(DKT) associated with transient receptor potential ankyrin 1(TRPA1) channels in intestinal myofibroblasts. METHODS Inflammatory and fibrotic changes were detected in a2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid(TNBS) chronic colitis model of wild-type and TRPA1-knockout(TRPA1-KO) mice via pathological staining and immunoblotting analysis.Ca^(2+) imaging experiments examined the effects of DKT and its components/ingredients on intestinal myofibroblast(In Myo Fib) cell TRPA1 channel function.Profibrotic factors and transforming growth factor (TGF) -β1-associated signaling were tested in an In Myo Fib cell line by q PCR and immunoblotting experiments.Samples from non-stenotic and stenotic regions of the intestines of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) were used for pathological analysis. RESULTS Chronic treatment with TNBS caused more severe inflammation and fibrotic changes in TRPA1-KO than in wild-type mice.A one-week enema administration of DKT reduced fibrotic lesions in wild-type but not in TRPA1-KO mice.The active ingredients of DKT,i.e.,hydroxyα-sanshool and 6-shogaol,induced Ca^(2+) influxes in In Myo Fib,and this was antagonized by co-treatment with a selective TRPA1 channel blocker,HC-030031.DKT counteracted TGF-β1-induced expression of TypeⅠcollagen andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) ,which were accompanied by a reduction in the phosphorylation of Smad-2 and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) and the expression of myocardin.Importantly,24-h incubation with a DKT active component Japanese Pepper increased the m RNA and protein expression levels of TRPA1 in In Myo Fibs,which in turn negatively regulated collagen synthesis.In the stenotic regions of the intestines of CD patients,TRPA1 expression was significantly enhanced.CONCLUSION The effects of DKT on the expression and activation of the TRPA1 channel could be advantageous for suppressing intestinal fibrosis,and benefit inflammatory bowel disease treatment.
基金supported by the Research Basis Formation Supporting Project for Private University
文摘Transient receptor potential channel A1 is one of the important transducers of noxious stimuli in the primary afferents, which may contribute to generation of neurogenic inflammation and hyperalgesia. The present study was designed to investigate if activation of transient receptor potential channel A1 may induce calcitonin gene-related peptide release from the primary afferent neurons. We found that application of allyl isothiocyanate, a transient receptor potential channel A1 activator, caused calcitonin gene-related peptide release from the cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Knock- down of transient receptor potential channel A1 with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide prevented calcitonin gene-related peptide release by allyl isothiocyanate application in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. Thus, we concluded that transient receptor potential channel A1 activation caused calcitonin gene-related peptide release in sensory neurons.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81171178the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province in China,No.2012011036-3Scientific Research Foundation of Shanxi Province of China for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,No.2013011054-2
文摘The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1（TRPV1） provides the sensation of pain（nociception）. However, it remains unknown whether TRPV1 is activated after peripheral nerve injury, or whether activation of TRPV1 affects neural regeneration. In the present study, we established rat models of unilateral sciatic nerve crush injury, with or without pretreatment with AMG517（300 mg/kg）, a TRPV1 antagonist, injected subcutaneously into the ipsilateral paw 60 minutes before injury. At 1 and 2 weeks after injury, we performed immunofluorescence staining of the sciatic nerve at the center of injury, at 0.3 cm proximal and distal to the injury site, and in the dorsal root ganglia. Our results showed that Wallerian degeneration occurred distal to the injury site, and neurite outgrowth and Schwann cell regeneration occurred proximal to the injury. The number of regenerating myelinated and unmyelinated nerve clusters was greater in the AMG517-pretreated rats than in the vehicle-treated group, most notably 2 weeks after injury. TRPV1 expression in the injured sciatic nerve and ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia was markedly greater than on the contralateral side. Pretreatment with AMG517 blocked this effect. These data indicate that TRPV1 is activated or overexpressed after sciatic nerve crush injury, and that blockade of TRPV1 may accelerate regeneration of the injured sciatic nerve.
文摘Background: Transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) 1 is known as a peripheral initiator of acute inflammation and hyperalgesia. However, its role in the facilitation of innate immune responses followed by resolution of the inflammation triggered by a surgical incision has not been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the mechanism by which TRPA1 regulates the inflammatory responses mainly facilitated by neutrophils and macrophages in the early course of wound repair after an incision. Methods: Plantar incision was performed in wild-type and TRPA1-/- mice. The infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophage phenotype, and induction of inflammatory mediators were assessed for 7 days postoperatively. Results: TRPA1-/-?mice exhibited decreased infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophilscompared with wild-type mice on day 1. Consistently, the influx of F4/80+ iNOS+ proinflammatory M1 macrophages to incised sites was markedly decreased on day 2. Similarly, F4/80+ CD206+M2 macrophages, which regulate the resolution of inflammation and promote wound healing in the later phase of acute inflammation, were significantly decreased in TRPA1-/- compared with those in wild-type mice on day 7. In addition, the induction of heme oxygenase-1, which promotes wound healing by switching phenotype of macrophages, was decreased in the early phase of acute inflammation, whereas the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and cyclooxygenase-2, and 15-lipoxygenase, which are involved in the resolution of inflammation was increased in the late phase in TRPA1-/- mice. Conclusions: Early innate immune responses including neutrophil infiltration and macrophage polarization at incised sites were inhibited in TRPA1-/- mice, associated with increased pro-inflammatory mediators in later phase. Peripheral TRPA1 may facilitate the acute inflammatory process, leading to the promotion of macrophage-mediated resolution of inflammation and wound repair after a surgical incision.
文摘Background: It is important to maintain skin homeostasis for cosmetic and medical reasons. Many ceramide-related ingredients and cosmetics have been developed to improve the skin barrier function and skin hydration. Similar to extracellular lipids, the cornified envelope, which is a structure formed beneath the plasma membrane, contributes to the skin barrier function as a scaffold for extracellular lipids. Therefore, in this study, we focused on transglutaminase 1 (TGM1) which is the key enzyme for formation of the cornified envelope Objective: The objectives of this study were to identify compounds that could upregulate the expression of TGM1 and evaluate their underlying action mechanisms. Methods: Expression of the transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily member 4 (TRPV4) at the mRNA and protein levels was estimated by PCR and western blotting. Effects of baicalein and Salvia officinalis (SO) extract on TGM1 mRNA expression were measured by PCR. The involvement of TRPV4 in TGM1 mRNA expression was evaluated by the inhibition and silencing of TRPV4. Results: TRPV4 was expressed in both basal cell-like HaCaT cells and suprabasal cell-like HaCaT cells. Baicalein and SO extract upregulated TGM1 mRNA expression in basal cell-like HaCaT cells. However, inhibition and silencing of TRPV4 abrogated the effects of baicalein and SO extract. Conclusion: Baicalein and SO extract upregulated the expression of TGM1 mRNA via the activation of TRPV4, suggesting that it may improve the skin barrier function by enhancing cornified envelope formation.
基金funded by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES,Brazil-Finance Code 001,to LRB)the S?o Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP,Brazil,project#2018/07366-4)+1 种基金The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq,Brazil,project#303006/2018-8,to LRB)a PhD fellowship from FAPESP under Grant Agreement No 2020/02109-3。
文摘The transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is a calcium-permeable cation channel member of the TRP family. Also known as an oxidative stress-activated channel, the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 gating mechanism is dependent on reactive oxygen species. In pathological conditions, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 is overactivated, leading to a Ca~(2+) influx that alters cell homeostasis and promotes cell death. The role of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and ischemia, has already been described and reviewed. However, data on transient receptor potential melastatin 2 involvement in Parkinson's disease pathology has emerged only in recent years and the issue lacks review studies that focus specifically on this topic. The present review aims to elucidate the role of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease by reviewing, summarizing, and discussing the in vitro, in vivo, and human studies published until August 2022. Here we describe fourteen studies that evaluated the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 channel in Parkinson's disease. The Parkinson's disease model used, transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonist and genetic approaches, and the main outcomes reported were discussed. The studies described transient receptor potential melastatin 2 activation and enhanced expression in different Parkinson's disease models. They also evidenced protective and restorative effects when using transient receptor potential melastatin 2 antagonists, knockout, or silencing. This review provides a literature overview and suggests where there is a need for more research. As a perspective point, this review shows evidence that supports transient receptor potential melastatin 2 as a pharmacological target for Parkinson's disease in the future.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82260535National Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Medical University Hospital Incubation Program,No.gyfynsfc-2022-07.
文摘BACKGROUND Members of the transient receptor potential(TRP)protein family shape oncogenic development,but the specific relevance of TRP-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has yet to be defined.AIM To investigate the role of TRP genes in HCC,their association with HCC development and treatment was examined.METHODS HCC patient gene expression and clinical data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database,and univariate and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression models were employed to explore the TRP-related risk spectrum.Based on these analyses,clinically relevant TRP family genes were selected,and the association between the key TRP canonical type 1(TRPC1)gene and HCC patient prognosis was evaluated.RESULTS In total,28 TRP family genes were screened for clinical relevance,with multivariate analyses ultimately revealing three of these genes(TRPC1,TRP cation channel subfamily M member 2,and TRP cation channel subfamily M member 6)to be significantly associated with HCC patient prognosis(P<0.05).These genes were utilized to establish a TRP-related risk model.Patients were separated into low-and high-risk groups based on the expression of these genes,and high-risk patients exhibited a significantly poorer prognosis(P=0.001).Functional analyses highlighted pronounced differences in the immune status of patients in these two groups and associated enriched immune pathways.TRPC1 was identified as a candidate gene in this family worthy of further study,with HCC patients expressing higher TRPC1 levels exhibiting poorer survival outcomes.Consistently,quantitative,immunohistochemistry,and western blot analyses revealed increased TRPC1 expression in HCC.CONCLUSION These three TRP genes help determine HCC patient prognosis,providing insight into tumor immune status and immunological composition.These findings will help design combination therapies including immunotherapeutic and anti-TRP agents.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China:Study on the Molecular Mechanism of the Regulation of Crypt Goblet Cell Pyroptosis and Exocytosis to Repair Ulcerative Colitis Mucus Barrier by the Method of Clearing and Opening the Xuanfu from the Perspective of"Xuanfu-Crypt"(No.82305143),and National Natural Science Foundation of China:Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of"Hewei Jiangni Fang"Intervention in Non-erosive Reflux Disease Esophageal Hypersensitivity from the Perspective of Mas-related Gene X2/Stromal Interaction Molecule 1/Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Pathway Regulation of Mast Cell/Dorsal Root Ganglion Communication based on the"Xinkai-Kujiang"Method(No.82374401)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To explore if Hewei Jiangni granule(和胃降逆颗粒,HWJNG)could regulate esophageal hypersensitivity via stromal interaction molecule 1(STIM1)/transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1(TRPV1)pathway.METHODS:Qualitative analysis of HWJNG was analysis by high performance of liquid and gas chromatography.In vivo,animal model of non-erosive reflux disease(NERD)was established by fructose intake and restraint stress.HWJNG and Omeprazole were administered by gavage to the drug intervention group.Reflux and visceral hypersensitivity were analyzed by pathological changes,PH value test,mechanical paw withdrawal threshold,thermal withdrawal latency and mast cells(MCs)degranulation.In vitro,substance P(SP)-induced P815 cells and dorsal root ganglion(DRG)cells were cocultured.Expression in both mice and cells of STIM1,TRPV1,and esophageal visceral hypersensitivity-related gastrointestinal neurochemicals were validated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays,quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and Western blot.Moreover,overexpression and small interfering RNA against STIM1 were utilized to verify of the role of HWJNG in DRG cells.RESULTS:HWJNG significantly suppressed intercellular space widening,injury of mitochondrial,MCs degranulation,mechanical allodynia and heat neuropathic sensory and increased pH value of esophageal mucosa in NERD mice.HWJNG inhibited expression of visceral hypersensitivityrelated gastrointestinal neurochemicals in esophageal mucosa and activated P815 cells,and expression of the STIM1,TRPV1 and related neurotransmitters in DRG and DRG cells.STIM1 siRNA and HWJNG both reduced P815 cells adhesion to DRGs cells and Ca2+flow into the cytoplasmic space of DRG cells.Furthermore,HWJNG could reversed STIM1 overexpression induced upregulation of TRPV1.CONCLUSION:HWJNG suppressed intercellular space widening in NERD mice,stabilized MCs and restored neuronal hyperexcitability by regulating visceral hypersensitivity via STIM1/TRPV1 pathway.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81860268 and No.82201000Ningxia Natural Science Foundation,No.2021AAC02025+3 种基金Ningxia Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Training ProjectNo.2020GKLRLX06 and No.2020GKLRLX11Ningxia Medical University Research Project,No.XJKF240315Ningxia Key Research and Development Project,No.2023BEG03021 and No.2021BEB04034.
文摘BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus(DM)is linked to an earlier onset and heightened severity of urinary complications,particularly bladder dysfunction,which profoundly impacts patient quality of life.Overactive bladder(OAB)is a common storage disorder of the lower urinary tract and is characterized by urgency,frequency,and nocturia.Several factors contribute to bladder dysfunction in diabetic individuals,including changes in urothelial signaling,detrusor morphology,and central nervous system regulation.The transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 channel,expressed by bladder urothelial cells,is upregulated in OAB and plays a crucial role in ATP release during bladder filling.This ATP release subsequently activates purinergic receptor P2X3,further exacerbating OAB symptoms.AIM To clarify the mechanism of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(RYGB)metabolic surgery to improve OAB in type 2 DM(T2DM).METHODS The model of T2DM was induced by feeding a high-fat diet to mice for 16 weeks.After 16 weeks,sham operation and RYGB operation were performed.The related indexes of glucose metabolism were also detected to evaluate the therapeutic effect,and the recovery degree of bladder function and micturition behavior of mice was assessed by urodynamics and micturition spot analysis.RESULTS Compared with the normal mice in the sham group,T2DM mice had increased urine spot count,uncontrolled urination behavior,shortened urination interval,and reduced bladder capacity.Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence costaining showed that Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1(TRPV1)and purinergic receptor P2X3 were both expressed in mouse bladder epithelial layer,and they had the same localization.In the bladder of T2DM mice,the mRNA and protein expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 were significantly increased.The ATP content in urine of T2DM mice was significantly higher than that of the sham group.After RYGB operation,the glucose metabolism index of the RYGB group was significantly improved compared with the OAB group.Comparing the results of urine spots,urodynamics,and histology,it was found that the function and morphological structure of the bladder in the RYGB group also recovered obviously.Compared with the OAB group,the expression of TRPV1 and P2X3 in the RYGB group was downregulated,and the level of inflammatory factors was significantly decreased.RYGB significantly decreased the content of ATP in urine and activated AMPK signaling.CONCLUSION RYGB downregulated the expression of TRPV1 by inhibiting inflammatory factors,thus inhibiting the enhancement of P2X3 by TRPV1.RYGB directly inhibited the activity of P2X3 by inhibiting ATP synthesis in the bladder epithelium to improve OAB.
基金High Level Talents Project of Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities:Study of Soft-Du'an Capsule's Mechanism and Efficacy of Regulating TRPV1 Pashways in Relieving Oral and Maxillofacial Trigeminal Neuralgia (No. YYFYR20213002)Innovative Group Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province:Study on the Mechanisms of Pain Signal Transduction and Drug Analgesia (No. 2020CFA025)。
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic effects of total flavonoids of Longxuejie(Resina Dracaenae Cochinchinensis)(TFDB) and explore the possible analgesic mechanism associated with transient receptor potential vanilloid 1(TRPV1).METHODS: Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to observe the effects of TFDB on capsaicin-induced TRPV1 currents. Rat experiments in vivo were used to observe the analgesic effects of TFDB. Western blot and immunofluorescence experiments were used to test the change of TRPV1 expression in DRG neurons induced by TFDB.RESULTS: Results showed that TFDB inhibited capsaicin-induced TRPV1 receptor currents in acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons of rats and the half inhibitory concentration was(16.7 ± 1.6) mg/L.TFDB(2-20 mg/kg) showed analgesic activity in the phase Ⅱ of formalin test and(0.02-2 mg per paw)reduced capsaicin-induced licking times of rats. TFDB(20 mg/kg) was fully efficacious on complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)-induced inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia and capsaicin could weaken the analgesic effects. The level of TRPV1 expressions of DRG neurons was also decreased in TFDB-treated CFA-inflammatory pain rats.CONCLUSION: All these results indicated that the analgesic effect of TFDB may contribute to their modulations on both function and expression of TRPV1 channels in DRG neurons.
