This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in d...This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in data networks has been increasing owing to the high cyber attacks and potential risks associated with networks spread over distant geographical locations. The MPLS networks ride on the public network backbone that is porous and highly susceptible to attacks and so the need for reliable security mechanisms to be part of the deployment plan. The evaluation criteria concentrated on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing with keen interest in jitter, end to end delivery and general data flow. This study used both structured questionnaire and observation methods. The structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 70 VPN users in a company. This provided the study with precise responses. The observation method was used in data simulations using OPNET Version 14.5 Simulation software. The results show that the IPSec features increase the size of data packets by approximately 9.98% translating into approximately 90.02% effectiveness. The tests showed that the performance metrics are all well within the recommended standards. The IPSec Based MPLS Virtual private network is more stable and secure than one without IPSec.展开更多
The architecture and protocols of Internet can't work well in space environments. To form a reliable and safe space network, characteristics of space communication network one discusse, brief synthesis is performe...The architecture and protocols of Internet can't work well in space environments. To form a reliable and safe space network, characteristics of space communication network one discusse, brief synthesis is performed for consultative committee for space data system (CCSDS) space communications protocol standards (SCPS), and a model accounting for data security problem of space-earth integrated network is provided.展开更多
In this paper, we propose a partially non-cryptographic security routing protocol （PNCSR） that protects both routing and data forwarding operations through the same reactive approach. PNCSR only apply public-key cry...In this paper, we propose a partially non-cryptographic security routing protocol （PNCSR） that protects both routing and data forwarding operations through the same reactive approach. PNCSR only apply public-key cryptographic system in managing token, but it doesn＇t utilize any cryptographic primitives on the routing messages. In PNCSR, each node is fair. Local neighboring nodes collaboratively monitor each other and sustain each other. It also uses a novel credit strategy which additively increases the token lifetime each time a node renews its token. We also analyze the storage, computation, and communication overhead of PNCSR, and provide a simple yet meaningful overhead comparison. Finally, the simulation results show the effectiveness of PNCSR in various situations.展开更多
LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We ...LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We divide SLEACH into four phases and fit inexpensivecryplp-graphic operations to each part of the protocol functionality to create an efficient,practical protocol. Then we give security analyses of SLEACH. Our security analyses show that ourschemeis robust against any external attacker or compromised nodes in the sensor network.展开更多
This work aims to examine the vulnerabilities and threats in the applications of intelligent transport systems,especially collision avoidance protocols.It focuses on achieving the availability of network communication...This work aims to examine the vulnerabilities and threats in the applications of intelligent transport systems,especially collision avoidance protocols.It focuses on achieving the availability of network communication among traveling vehicles.Finally,it aims to find a secure solution to prevent blackhole attacks on vehicular network communications.The proposed solution relies on authenticating vehicles by joining a blockchain network.This technology provides identification information and receives cryptography keys.Moreover,the ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)protocol is used for route discovery and ensuring reliable node communication.The system activates an adaptive mode for monitoring communications and continually adjusts trust scores based on packet delivery performance.From the experimental study,we can infer that the proposed protocol has successfully detected and prevented blackhole attacks for different numbers of simulated vehicles and at different traveling speeds.This reduces accident rates by 60%and increases the packet delivery ratio and the throughput of the connecting network by 40%and 20%,respectively.However,extra overheads in delay and memory are required to create and initialize the blockchain network.展开更多
To address security and privacy issues in radio frequency identification (RFID) traceability networks, a multi-layer privacy and security framework is proposed, which includes four facets: a security model, a communic...To address security and privacy issues in radio frequency identification (RFID) traceability networks, a multi-layer privacy and security framework is proposed, which includes four facets: a security model, a communication protocol, access permission and privacy preservation. According to the security requirements that are needed in an RFID system, a security model that incorporates security requirements that include privacy of tag data, privacy of ownership, and availability of tag identity is introduced. Using this model, a secure communication protocol that can be used for anti-counterfeiting, automatic identification and privacy preservation is then developed. In order to manage the number of parties, data records of items, and complicated transitions of access permissions in an item-level traceability context, a well-designed access control protocol is proposed to parties that can prove the physical possession of an item;meanwhile, to address the privacy issues during data sharing in an RFID network, a vision of database systems that take responsibility for the privacy of the data they manage is also presented.展开更多
Ad-hoc networking has mainly been associated with military battlefield networks. Security has received considerably less attention and the issue needs to be addressed before any successful applications will appear. Du...Ad-hoc networking has mainly been associated with military battlefield networks. Security has received considerably less attention and the issue needs to be addressed before any successful applications will appear. Due to the insecure nature of the wireless link and their dynamically changing topology, wireless ad-hoc networks require a careful and security-oriented approach for designing routing protocols. In this paper, an AODV-based secure routing protocol- ENAODV is presented. A speed-optimized digital signature algorithm is integrated into the routing protocol. The protocol algorithm is implemented with NS-2. The security of the protocol is analyzed. The simulating results show that the performances of ENAODV protocol, such as average node energy consumption, packet delay and packet delivery is nearly the same as standard AODV protocol.展开更多
To enhance the security of network systems, puts forward a kind of software agent is put forward, which has the induction ability of network frameworks and the ability of behavior independence. It is mobile scanning a...To enhance the security of network systems, puts forward a kind of software agent is put forward, which has the induction ability of network frameworks and the ability of behavior independence. It is mobile scanning agent. More attentions is paid to expound how to design and realize mobile scanning agent. Besides, it is also explained the programs of mobile scanning agent system. In the end, it expects mobile scanning agent.展开更多
Active networks is primarily a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)-funded project focusing on the research of mechanisms, applications, and operating systems to develop a reconfigurable network infrastruc...Active networks is primarily a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)-funded project focusing on the research of mechanisms, applications, and operating systems to develop a reconfigurable network infrastructure. This letter proposes an Secure Active Tracing System (SATS) to implementing security for active networking in Internet. Unlike currently existing schemes, SATS reduces the computational overloads by executing the filtering operation on selected packet streams only when needed.展开更多
The origin of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) was started in 1970 as packet radio network (PRNET), later on different researches were made on it in different ages. MANET works under no fixed infrastructure in which ever...The origin of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) was started in 1970 as packet radio network (PRNET), later on different researches were made on it in different ages. MANET works under no fixed infrastructure in which every node works likes a router that stores and forwards packet to final destination. Due to its dynamic topology, MANET can be created anywhere, anytime. As there are limited resources in MANET so it faces many problems such as security, limited bandwidth, range and power constraints. Due to this, many new routing protocols are proposed. This article examines different techniques to manage congestion control, security issues, different layers attacks, routing protocols and challenges that are faced by MANET.展开更多
The single planar routing protocol has a slow convergence rate in the large-scale Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Although the hierarchical routing protocol can effectively cope with large-scale application scenarios,how...The single planar routing protocol has a slow convergence rate in the large-scale Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Although the hierarchical routing protocol can effectively cope with large-scale application scenarios,how to elect a secure cluster head and balance the network load becomes an enormous challenge.In this paper,a Trust Management-based and Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy protocol(LEACH-TM)is proposed.In LEACH-TM,by using the number of dynamic decision cluster head nodes,residual energy and density of neighbor nodes,the size of the cluster can be better constrained to improve energy efficiency,and avoid excessive energy consumption of a node.Simultaneously,the trust management scheme is introduced into LEACH-TM to defend against internal attacks.The simulation results show that,compared with LEACH-SWDN protocol and LEACH protocol,LEACH-TM outperforms in prolonging the network lifetime and balancing the energy consumption,and can effectively mitigate the influence of malicious nodes on cluster head selection,which can greatiy guarantee the security of the overall network.展开更多
Two significant issues in Internet-based networked control systems （ INCSs）, transport performance of different protocols and security breach from Internet side, are investigated. First, for improving the performanc...Two significant issues in Internet-based networked control systems （ INCSs）, transport performance of different protocols and security breach from Internet side, are investigated. First, for improving the performance of data transmission, user datagram protocol （UDP） is adopted as the main stand for controllers and plants using INCSs. Second, a dual-channel secure transmission scheme （DCSTS）based on data transmission characteristics of INCSs is proposed, in which a raw UDP channel and a secure TCP （transmission control protocol） connection making use of SSL/TLS （secure sockets layer/transport layer security） are included. Further, a networked control protocol （NCP） at application layer for supporting DCSTS between the controllers and plants in INCSs is designed, and it also aims at providing a universal communication mechanism for interoperability of devices among the networked control laboratories in Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Central South University of China and Tokyo University of Technology of Japan. By means of a networked single-degree-of-free- dom robot arm, an INCS under the new protocol and security environment is created. Compared with systems such as IPSec or SSL/TLS, which may cause more than 91% network throughput deduction, the new DCSTS protocol may yield results ten times better, being just 5.67%.展开更多
As an Industrial Wireless Sensor Network(IWSN)is usually deployed in a harsh or unattended environment,the privacy security of data aggregation is facing more and more challenges.Currently,the data aggregation protoco...As an Industrial Wireless Sensor Network(IWSN)is usually deployed in a harsh or unattended environment,the privacy security of data aggregation is facing more and more challenges.Currently,the data aggregation protocols mainly focus on improving the efficiency of data transmitting and aggregating,alternately,the aim at enhancing the security of data.The performances of the secure data aggregation protocols are the trade-off of several metrics,which involves the transmission/fusion,the energy efficiency and the security in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Unfortunately,there is no paper in systematic analysis about the performance of the secure data aggregation protocols whether in IWSN or in WSN.In consideration of IWSN,we firstly review the security requirements and techniques in WSN data aggregation in this paper.Then,we give a holistic overview of the classical secure data aggregation protocols,which are divided into three categories:hop-by-hop encrypted data aggregation,end-to-end encrypted data aggregation and unencrypted secure data aggregation.Along this way,combining with the characteristics of industrial applications,we analyze the pros and cons of the existing security schemes in each category qualitatively,and realize that the security and the energy efficiency are suitable for IWSN.Finally,we make the conclusion about the techniques and approach in these categories,and highlight the future research directions of privacy preserving data aggregation in IWSN.展开更多
In an ad hoc network, it is usually difficult to optimize the assignment of network routing resources using a single type of routing protocol due to the differences in network scale, node moving mode and node distribu...In an ad hoc network, it is usually difficult to optimize the assignment of network routing resources using a single type of routing protocol due to the differences in network scale, node moving mode and node distribution. Therefore, it is desirable to have nodes run multiple routing protocols simultaneously so that more than one protocols can be chosen to work jointly. For this purpose, a multiple routing platform for Ad hoc networks is proposed on a higher level of current routing protocols. In order to ensure the security of the platform, a security mechanism and its formal analysis by BAN logic is given. The simulation results of the network performance demonstrate that the proposed multi-routing platform is practicable in some complex applications.展开更多
In this paper, we present the classification and review of security schemes in mobile computing system. We classify these schemes based on types the infrastructure used in the mobile computing system-Mobile Ad Hoc Net...In this paper, we present the classification and review of security schemes in mobile computing system. We classify these schemes based on types the infrastructure used in the mobile computing system-Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) and Mobile Agent model. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are pervasive, ubiquitous and without any centralized authority. These unique characteristics, combined with ever-increasing security threats, demand solutions in securing ad hoc networks prior to their deployment in commercial and military applications. This paper reviews the prevailing mobile ad hoc network security threats, the existing solution schemes, their limitations and open research issues. We also explain the Intrusion detection and response technique as an alternate method to protect the MANET based mobile computing systems and their approaches. A literature review of important existing Intrusion Detection approaches and Intrusion Response Approaches for MANET is also presented. This paper also presents the limitations of existing Intrusion Detection and Response Approaches for MANET and open research issues in providing MANET security. With respect to Mobile Agent based mobile computing system, we have presented the classification of various types of security attacks in Mobile Agent based model and presented the security solutions for those type of attacks proposed by the various schemes and the open research issues in providing security for Mobile Agent based mobile computing system. Such classification enhances the understanding of the proposed security schemes in the mobile computing system, assists in the development and enhancement of schemes in the future and helps in choosing an appropriate scheme while implementing a mobile computing system.展开更多
文摘This paper evaluates the performance of Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) based Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) virtual private network (VPN) in a small to medium sized organization. The demand for security in data networks has been increasing owing to the high cyber attacks and potential risks associated with networks spread over distant geographical locations. The MPLS networks ride on the public network backbone that is porous and highly susceptible to attacks and so the need for reliable security mechanisms to be part of the deployment plan. The evaluation criteria concentrated on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Video conferencing with keen interest in jitter, end to end delivery and general data flow. This study used both structured questionnaire and observation methods. The structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 70 VPN users in a company. This provided the study with precise responses. The observation method was used in data simulations using OPNET Version 14.5 Simulation software. The results show that the IPSec features increase the size of data packets by approximately 9.98% translating into approximately 90.02% effectiveness. The tests showed that the performance metrics are all well within the recommended standards. The IPSec Based MPLS Virtual private network is more stable and secure than one without IPSec.
文摘The architecture and protocols of Internet can't work well in space environments. To form a reliable and safe space network, characteristics of space communication network one discusse, brief synthesis is performed for consultative committee for space data system (CCSDS) space communications protocol standards (SCPS), and a model accounting for data security problem of space-earth integrated network is provided.
基金Supported bythe National Natural Science Foundationof China (60403027)
文摘In this paper, we propose a partially non-cryptographic security routing protocol （PNCSR） that protects both routing and data forwarding operations through the same reactive approach. PNCSR only apply public-key cryptographic system in managing token, but it doesn＇t utilize any cryptographic primitives on the routing messages. In PNCSR, each node is fair. Local neighboring nodes collaboratively monitor each other and sustain each other. It also uses a novel credit strategy which additively increases the token lifetime each time a node renews its token. We also analyze the storage, computation, and communication overhead of PNCSR, and provide a simple yet meaningful overhead comparison. Finally, the simulation results show the effectiveness of PNCSR in various situations.
文摘LEACH (Low-Encrgy Adaptive Clustering Hi-erarchy) protocol is a basic clustering-based routing protocol of sensor networks. In this paper, we present the design of SLEACH, asecure extension for the LEACH protocol. We divide SLEACH into four phases and fit inexpensivecryplp-graphic operations to each part of the protocol functionality to create an efficient,practical protocol. Then we give security analyses of SLEACH. Our security analyses show that ourschemeis robust against any external attacker or compromised nodes in the sensor network.
文摘This work aims to examine the vulnerabilities and threats in the applications of intelligent transport systems,especially collision avoidance protocols.It focuses on achieving the availability of network communication among traveling vehicles.Finally,it aims to find a secure solution to prevent blackhole attacks on vehicular network communications.The proposed solution relies on authenticating vehicles by joining a blockchain network.This technology provides identification information and receives cryptography keys.Moreover,the ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)protocol is used for route discovery and ensuring reliable node communication.The system activates an adaptive mode for monitoring communications and continually adjusts trust scores based on packet delivery performance.From the experimental study,we can infer that the proposed protocol has successfully detected and prevented blackhole attacks for different numbers of simulated vehicles and at different traveling speeds.This reduces accident rates by 60%and increases the packet delivery ratio and the throughput of the connecting network by 40%and 20%,respectively.However,extra overheads in delay and memory are required to create and initialize the blockchain network.
基金Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Fujian Province (No.X04139)
文摘To address security and privacy issues in radio frequency identification (RFID) traceability networks, a multi-layer privacy and security framework is proposed, which includes four facets: a security model, a communication protocol, access permission and privacy preservation. According to the security requirements that are needed in an RFID system, a security model that incorporates security requirements that include privacy of tag data, privacy of ownership, and availability of tag identity is introduced. Using this model, a secure communication protocol that can be used for anti-counterfeiting, automatic identification and privacy preservation is then developed. In order to manage the number of parties, data records of items, and complicated transitions of access permissions in an item-level traceability context, a well-designed access control protocol is proposed to parties that can prove the physical possession of an item;meanwhile, to address the privacy issues during data sharing in an RFID network, a vision of database systems that take responsibility for the privacy of the data they manage is also presented.
基金This work was supported by China Nature Science Fund .Serial No.60073059and60273078
文摘Ad-hoc networking has mainly been associated with military battlefield networks. Security has received considerably less attention and the issue needs to be addressed before any successful applications will appear. Due to the insecure nature of the wireless link and their dynamically changing topology, wireless ad-hoc networks require a careful and security-oriented approach for designing routing protocols. In this paper, an AODV-based secure routing protocol- ENAODV is presented. A speed-optimized digital signature algorithm is integrated into the routing protocol. The protocol algorithm is implemented with NS-2. The security of the protocol is analyzed. The simulating results show that the performances of ENAODV protocol, such as average node energy consumption, packet delay and packet delivery is nearly the same as standard AODV protocol.
文摘To enhance the security of network systems, puts forward a kind of software agent is put forward, which has the induction ability of network frameworks and the ability of behavior independence. It is mobile scanning agent. More attentions is paid to expound how to design and realize mobile scanning agent. Besides, it is also explained the programs of mobile scanning agent system. In the end, it expects mobile scanning agent.
文摘Active networks is primarily a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA)-funded project focusing on the research of mechanisms, applications, and operating systems to develop a reconfigurable network infrastructure. This letter proposes an Secure Active Tracing System (SATS) to implementing security for active networking in Internet. Unlike currently existing schemes, SATS reduces the computational overloads by executing the filtering operation on selected packet streams only when needed.
文摘The origin of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) was started in 1970 as packet radio network (PRNET), later on different researches were made on it in different ages. MANET works under no fixed infrastructure in which every node works likes a router that stores and forwards packet to final destination. Due to its dynamic topology, MANET can be created anywhere, anytime. As there are limited resources in MANET so it faces many problems such as security, limited bandwidth, range and power constraints. Due to this, many new routing protocols are proposed. This article examines different techniques to manage congestion control, security issues, different layers attacks, routing protocols and challenges that are faced by MANET.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61571303,No.61571004)the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.21ZR1461700)+3 种基金the Shanghai Sailing Program(Grant No.19YF1455800)the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2018ZX03001031)the Fundamental Research Funds for State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries(Grant No.PAL-N201703)the National Key Research and Development Program of China-Internet of Things and Smart City Key Program(No.2019YFB2101600,NO.2019YFB2101602,No.2019YFB2101602-03).
文摘The single planar routing protocol has a slow convergence rate in the large-scale Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Although the hierarchical routing protocol can effectively cope with large-scale application scenarios,how to elect a secure cluster head and balance the network load becomes an enormous challenge.In this paper,a Trust Management-based and Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy protocol(LEACH-TM)is proposed.In LEACH-TM,by using the number of dynamic decision cluster head nodes,residual energy and density of neighbor nodes,the size of the cluster can be better constrained to improve energy efficiency,and avoid excessive energy consumption of a node.Simultaneously,the trust management scheme is introduced into LEACH-TM to defend against internal attacks.The simulation results show that,compared with LEACH-SWDN protocol and LEACH protocol,LEACH-TM outperforms in prolonging the network lifetime and balancing the energy consumption,and can effectively mitigate the influence of malicious nodes on cluster head selection,which can greatiy guarantee the security of the overall network.
文摘Two significant issues in Internet-based networked control systems （ INCSs）, transport performance of different protocols and security breach from Internet side, are investigated. First, for improving the performance of data transmission, user datagram protocol （UDP） is adopted as the main stand for controllers and plants using INCSs. Second, a dual-channel secure transmission scheme （DCSTS）based on data transmission characteristics of INCSs is proposed, in which a raw UDP channel and a secure TCP （transmission control protocol） connection making use of SSL/TLS （secure sockets layer/transport layer security） are included. Further, a networked control protocol （NCP） at application layer for supporting DCSTS between the controllers and plants in INCSs is designed, and it also aims at providing a universal communication mechanism for interoperability of devices among the networked control laboratories in Beijing Institute of Technology of China, Central South University of China and Tokyo University of Technology of Japan. By means of a networked single-degree-of-free- dom robot arm, an INCS under the new protocol and security environment is created. Compared with systems such as IPSec or SSL/TLS, which may cause more than 91% network throughput deduction, the new DCSTS protocol may yield results ten times better, being just 5.67%.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61571004)the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.17ZR1429100)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(No.2018ZX03001017-004)the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.YJKYYQ20170074).
文摘As an Industrial Wireless Sensor Network(IWSN)is usually deployed in a harsh or unattended environment,the privacy security of data aggregation is facing more and more challenges.Currently,the data aggregation protocols mainly focus on improving the efficiency of data transmitting and aggregating,alternately,the aim at enhancing the security of data.The performances of the secure data aggregation protocols are the trade-off of several metrics,which involves the transmission/fusion,the energy efficiency and the security in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Unfortunately,there is no paper in systematic analysis about the performance of the secure data aggregation protocols whether in IWSN or in WSN.In consideration of IWSN,we firstly review the security requirements and techniques in WSN data aggregation in this paper.Then,we give a holistic overview of the classical secure data aggregation protocols,which are divided into three categories:hop-by-hop encrypted data aggregation,end-to-end encrypted data aggregation and unencrypted secure data aggregation.Along this way,combining with the characteristics of industrial applications,we analyze the pros and cons of the existing security schemes in each category qualitatively,and realize that the security and the energy efficiency are suitable for IWSN.Finally,we make the conclusion about the techniques and approach in these categories,and highlight the future research directions of privacy preserving data aggregation in IWSN.
文摘In an ad hoc network, it is usually difficult to optimize the assignment of network routing resources using a single type of routing protocol due to the differences in network scale, node moving mode and node distribution. Therefore, it is desirable to have nodes run multiple routing protocols simultaneously so that more than one protocols can be chosen to work jointly. For this purpose, a multiple routing platform for Ad hoc networks is proposed on a higher level of current routing protocols. In order to ensure the security of the platform, a security mechanism and its formal analysis by BAN logic is given. The simulation results of the network performance demonstrate that the proposed multi-routing platform is practicable in some complex applications.
文摘In this paper, we present the classification and review of security schemes in mobile computing system. We classify these schemes based on types the infrastructure used in the mobile computing system-Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) and Mobile Agent model. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are pervasive, ubiquitous and without any centralized authority. These unique characteristics, combined with ever-increasing security threats, demand solutions in securing ad hoc networks prior to their deployment in commercial and military applications. This paper reviews the prevailing mobile ad hoc network security threats, the existing solution schemes, their limitations and open research issues. We also explain the Intrusion detection and response technique as an alternate method to protect the MANET based mobile computing systems and their approaches. A literature review of important existing Intrusion Detection approaches and Intrusion Response Approaches for MANET is also presented. This paper also presents the limitations of existing Intrusion Detection and Response Approaches for MANET and open research issues in providing MANET security. With respect to Mobile Agent based mobile computing system, we have presented the classification of various types of security attacks in Mobile Agent based model and presented the security solutions for those type of attacks proposed by the various schemes and the open research issues in providing security for Mobile Agent based mobile computing system. Such classification enhances the understanding of the proposed security schemes in the mobile computing system, assists in the development and enhancement of schemes in the future and helps in choosing an appropriate scheme while implementing a mobile computing system.
