The hot deformation behavior of 7A55 aluminum alloy was investigated at the temperature ranging from 300 ℃ to 450 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 simulator. Processing maps were es...The hot deformation behavior of 7A55 aluminum alloy was investigated at the temperature ranging from 300 ℃ to 450 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 simulator. Processing maps were established in order to apprehend the kinetics of hot deformation and the rate controlling mechanism was interpreted by the kinetic rate analysis obeying power-law relation. The results indicated that one significant domain representing dynamic recrystallization （DRX） existed on the processing maps and lying in 410-450 ＆#176;C and 0.05-1 s-1. The conclusions of kinetic analysis correlated well with those obtained from processing maps. The apparent activation energy values calculated in the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） domain and the stability regions except dynamic recrystallization （DRX） domain were 91.2 kJ/mol and 128.8 kJ/mol, respectively, which suggested that grain boundary self-diffusion and cross-slip were the rate controlling mechanisms.展开更多
The paper presents the results of wear and metallography tests of tool steel grades: ASTM A681, Chl2M and CH12FS per COST, AMS 6437E i BS X46Crl3, all surface hardened by the Carbo process (carburizing) and by the NiC...The paper presents the results of wear and metallography tests of tool steel grades: ASTM A681, Chl2M and CH12FS per COST, AMS 6437E i BS X46Crl3, all surface hardened by the Carbo process (carburizing) and by the NiCar process (nitrocarburizing). The thermo-chemical treatment was conducted in powder pack for a duration of 6 h (carburizing) and for 4 h in the case of nitrocarburizing. Factors investigated were: morphology, depth and microhardness of the cases obtained, their microstructure, as well as phase composition. Wear tests were conducted by the three cylinder-cone method. Wear velocity was 0.58 m/s, unit load was 50 MPa and 400Mpa, wear path was 3470 m. Oil SAE30 was applied at the rate of 30 drops per minute.展开更多
Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations of monocrystalline copper （100） surface during nanomachining process were performed based on a new 3D simulation model. The material removal mechanism and system temperature dis...Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations of monocrystalline copper （100） surface during nanomachining process were performed based on a new 3D simulation model. The material removal mechanism and system temperature distribution were discussed. The simulation results indicate that the system temperature distribution presents a roughly concentric shape, a steep temperature gradient is observed in diamond cutting tool, and the highest temperature is located in chip. Centrosymmetry parameter method was used to monitor defect structures. Dislocations and vacancies are the two principal types of defect structures. Residual defect structures impose a major change on the workpiece physical properties and machined surface quality. The defect structures in workpiece are temperature dependent. As the temperature increases, the dislocations are mainly mediated from the workpiece surface, while the others are dissociated into point defects. The relatively high cutting speed used in nanomachining results in less defect structures, beneficial to obtain highly machined surface quality.展开更多
Evaluation on nitrogen removal of step-feed anoxic/oxic activated sludge process at the standpoint of reaction kinetics and process kinetics was conducted. Theoretical biological nitrogen removal efficiency was deduce...Evaluation on nitrogen removal of step-feed anoxic/oxic activated sludge process at the standpoint of reaction kinetics and process kinetics was conducted. Theoretical biological nitrogen removal efficiency was deduced based on the mass balance of nitrate in the last stage. The comparison of pre-denitrification process and step feed process in the aspects of nitrogen removal efficiency, volume of reactor and building investment was studied, and the results indicated that step-feed anoxic/oxic activated sludge process was superior to pre-denitrification process in these aspects.展开更多
Marine ecosystem dynamic models(MEDMs) are important tools for the simulation and prediction of marine ecosystems. This article summarizes the methods and strategies used for the improvement and assessment of MEDM ski...Marine ecosystem dynamic models(MEDMs) are important tools for the simulation and prediction of marine ecosystems. This article summarizes the methods and strategies used for the improvement and assessment of MEDM skill, and it attempts to establish a technical framework to inspire further ideas concerning MEDM skill improvement. The skill of MEDMs can be improved by parameter optimization(PO), which is an important step in model calibration. An effi cient approach to solve the problem of PO constrained by MEDMs is the global treatment of both sensitivity analysis and PO. Model validation is an essential step following PO, which validates the effi ciency of model calibration by analyzing and estimating the goodness-of-fi t of the optimized model. Additionally, by focusing on the degree of impact of various factors on model skill, model uncertainty analysis can supply model users with a quantitative assessment of model confi dence. Research on MEDMs is ongoing; however, improvement in model skill still lacks global treatments and its assessment is not integrated. Thus, the predictive performance of MEDMs is not strong and model uncertainties lack quantitative descriptions, limiting their application. Therefore, a large number of case studies concerning model skill should be performed to promote the development of a scientifi c and normative technical framework for the improvement of MEDM skill.展开更多
An improved method of friction stir processing(FSP)was introduced for the processing of AZ91 magnesium alloy specimens.This novel process was called“friction stir vibration processing(FSVP)”.FSP and FSVP were utiliz...An improved method of friction stir processing(FSP)was introduced for the processing of AZ91 magnesium alloy specimens.This novel process was called“friction stir vibration processing(FSVP)”.FSP and FSVP were utilized to develop surface composites on the studied alloy while SiC nanoparticles were applied as second-phase particles.The effect of reinforcing SiC particles with different sizes(30 and 300 nm)on different characteristics of the composite surface was studied.The results indicated that the microstructure was refined and mechanical properties such as hardness,ductility,and strength were enhanced as FSVP was applied.Furthermore,it was concluded that the effect of reinforcing particles with a size of 30 nm on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface composite was more obvious than that of particles with a size of 300 nm.It was also found that mechanical properties and microstructure of FSV-processed specimens were improved as vibration frequency increased.The hardness value in the stir zone was about 157 MPa for the FSV-processed specimen at a vibration frequency of 50 Hz,while this value was around 116 MPa for the FSV-processed specimen at a vibration frequency of 25 Hz.展开更多
The permutation flow shop scheduling problems with deteriorating jobs and rejection on dominant machines were studied.The objectives are to minimize the makespan of scheduled jobs plus the total rejection penalty and ...The permutation flow shop scheduling problems with deteriorating jobs and rejection on dominant machines were studied.The objectives are to minimize the makespan of scheduled jobs plus the total rejection penalty and the total completion time of scheduled jobs plus the total rejection penalty.For each objective, polynomial time algorithms based on dynamic programming were presented.展开更多
Giant magnetostrictive actuators (GMAs) often work in a close-loop feedback system. This system needs independent sensors which may be difficult to be fixed, besides, excessive sensors may cause more unpredicted probl...Giant magnetostrictive actuators (GMAs) often work in a close-loop feedback system. This system needs independent sensors which may be difficult to be fixed, besides, excessive sensors may cause more unpredicted problems in a large system. This paper aims to develop a self-sensing GMA. An observer based on piezomagnetic equations is constructed to estimate the stress and strain of the magnetostrictive material. The observer based self-sensing approach depends on the facts that the magnetic field is controllable and that the magnetic induction is measurable. Aiming at the nonlinear hysteresis in magnetization, a hys- teresis compensation observer based on Preisach model is developed. Experiment verified the availability of the observer approach, and the hysteresis compensation observer has higher tracking precision than linear observer for dynamic force sensing.展开更多
Thermal processing of milk is an important unit operation to inactivate the spoilage organism and enzymes and thus increase the storage life of milk, It was very difficult to find out the temperature distribution insi...Thermal processing of milk is an important unit operation to inactivate the spoilage organism and enzymes and thus increase the storage life of milk, It was very difficult to find out the temperature distribution inside the cans during thermal processing. A Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） model was developed for thermization of milk in the can heating at 65℃ for the first time to determine the temperature distribution in the canned milk at stationary position. This developed CFD model was validated with the experimental measurements of temperature. The effects of thermization temperature on milk flow profile （velocity）, milk temperature and viscosity profiles inside the can during thermal process were investigated. Temperature profiles of milk in can at three different planes （i.e. top, middle and bottom plane） were studied. Moreover, thermization unit was calculated by correlating with temperature and it was found that maximum thermization unit was achieved at 540 s of thermal processing of milk in can.展开更多
Molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to study the nanometric machining of single crystal Nickel(Ni). Through an investigation of atomic displacement and the variation of cutting force, it is found that the lat...Molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to study the nanometric machining of single crystal Nickel(Ni). Through an investigation of atomic displacement and the variation of cutting force, it is found that the latter is in accordance with the number variation of elastic displaced atoms in the workpiece. It is further found that the generation of complex stacking faults is the predominant cause of cutting force fluctuation, and the stacking faults with complex structures lead to work-hardening. The temperature of the cutting tool and workpiece is studied during the machining process. It is concluded that the selection of averaging steps has a significant influence on the system temperature distribution. Thus, the time-spatial averaging method, which has a high accuracy and consistency in temperature distribution, is proposed.展开更多
In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the effect of machining velocities on the mechanism of chip formation in nano-metric copper. A wide range of cutting velocities was performed fro...In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the effect of machining velocities on the mechanism of chip formation in nano-metric copper. A wide range of cutting velocities was performed from 10 to 2000 m/s, and the microstructure's evolution from a crystalline state to an amorphous state was studied. At the low machining velocity, dislocations were generated from the surface in front of the tool, and the immobile dislocation deduced by the cross slip of dislocation was observed. At the high machining velocity, no crystal dislocation nucleated, but instead disorder atoms were found near the tool. Temperature near the tool region increased with the increasing machining velocities, and the temperature had an important effect on the phase transition of the crystal structure.展开更多
Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the nanometric machining process of single crystal nickel. Atoms from different machining zones had different atomic crystal structures owing to the differences in ...Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the nanometric machining process of single crystal nickel. Atoms from different machining zones had different atomic crystal structures owing to the differences in the actions of the cutting tool. The stacking fault tetrahedral was formed by a series of dislocation reactions, and it maintained the stable structure after the dislocation reactions. In addition, evidence of crystal transition and recovery was found by analyzing the number variations in different types of atoms in the primary shear zone, amorphous region, and crystalline region. The effects of machining speed on the cutting force, chip and subsurface defects, and temperature of the contact zone between the tool and workpiece were investigated. The results suggest that higher the machining speed, larger is the cutting force. The degree of amorphousness of chip atoms and the depth and extent of subsurface defects increase with the machining speed. The average friction coefficient first decreases and then increases with the machining speed because of the temperature difference between the chip and machining surface.展开更多
基金Project(2012CB619505)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘The hot deformation behavior of 7A55 aluminum alloy was investigated at the temperature ranging from 300 ℃ to 450 ℃ and strain rate ranging from 0.01 s-1 to 1 s-1 on a Gleeble-3500 simulator. Processing maps were established in order to apprehend the kinetics of hot deformation and the rate controlling mechanism was interpreted by the kinetic rate analysis obeying power-law relation. The results indicated that one significant domain representing dynamic recrystallization （DRX） existed on the processing maps and lying in 410-450 ＆#176;C and 0.05-1 s-1. The conclusions of kinetic analysis correlated well with those obtained from processing maps. The apparent activation energy values calculated in the dynamic recrystallization （DRX） domain and the stability regions except dynamic recrystallization （DRX） domain were 91.2 kJ/mol and 128.8 kJ/mol, respectively, which suggested that grain boundary self-diffusion and cross-slip were the rate controlling mechanisms.
文摘The paper presents the results of wear and metallography tests of tool steel grades: ASTM A681, Chl2M and CH12FS per COST, AMS 6437E i BS X46Crl3, all surface hardened by the Carbo process (carburizing) and by the NiCar process (nitrocarburizing). The thermo-chemical treatment was conducted in powder pack for a duration of 6 h (carburizing) and for 4 h in the case of nitrocarburizing. Factors investigated were: morphology, depth and microhardness of the cases obtained, their microstructure, as well as phase composition. Wear tests were conducted by the three cylinder-cone method. Wear velocity was 0.58 m/s, unit load was 50 MPa and 400Mpa, wear path was 3470 m. Oil SAE30 was applied at the rate of 30 drops per minute.
基金Project (50925521) supported by the National Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China
文摘Molecular dynamics （MD） simulations of monocrystalline copper （100） surface during nanomachining process were performed based on a new 3D simulation model. The material removal mechanism and system temperature distribution were discussed. The simulation results indicate that the system temperature distribution presents a roughly concentric shape, a steep temperature gradient is observed in diamond cutting tool, and the highest temperature is located in chip. Centrosymmetry parameter method was used to monitor defect structures. Dislocations and vacancies are the two principal types of defect structures. Residual defect structures impose a major change on the workpiece physical properties and machined surface quality. The defect structures in workpiece are temperature dependent. As the temperature increases, the dislocations are mainly mediated from the workpiece surface, while the others are dissociated into point defects. The relatively high cutting speed used in nanomachining results in less defect structures, beneficial to obtain highly machined surface quality.
文摘Evaluation on nitrogen removal of step-feed anoxic/oxic activated sludge process at the standpoint of reaction kinetics and process kinetics was conducted. Theoretical biological nitrogen removal efficiency was deduced based on the mass balance of nitrate in the last stage. The comparison of pre-denitrification process and step feed process in the aspects of nitrogen removal efficiency, volume of reactor and building investment was studied, and the results indicated that step-feed anoxic/oxic activated sludge process was superior to pre-denitrification process in these aspects.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41206111,41206112)
文摘Marine ecosystem dynamic models(MEDMs) are important tools for the simulation and prediction of marine ecosystems. This article summarizes the methods and strategies used for the improvement and assessment of MEDM skill, and it attempts to establish a technical framework to inspire further ideas concerning MEDM skill improvement. The skill of MEDMs can be improved by parameter optimization(PO), which is an important step in model calibration. An effi cient approach to solve the problem of PO constrained by MEDMs is the global treatment of both sensitivity analysis and PO. Model validation is an essential step following PO, which validates the effi ciency of model calibration by analyzing and estimating the goodness-of-fi t of the optimized model. Additionally, by focusing on the degree of impact of various factors on model skill, model uncertainty analysis can supply model users with a quantitative assessment of model confi dence. Research on MEDMs is ongoing; however, improvement in model skill still lacks global treatments and its assessment is not integrated. Thus, the predictive performance of MEDMs is not strong and model uncertainties lack quantitative descriptions, limiting their application. Therefore, a large number of case studies concerning model skill should be performed to promote the development of a scientifi c and normative technical framework for the improvement of MEDM skill.
基金Amirkabir University of Technology(AUT)Sharif University of TechnologyNational Elites Foundation of Iran for their support during this research.
文摘An improved method of friction stir processing(FSP)was introduced for the processing of AZ91 magnesium alloy specimens.This novel process was called“friction stir vibration processing(FSVP)”.FSP and FSVP were utilized to develop surface composites on the studied alloy while SiC nanoparticles were applied as second-phase particles.The effect of reinforcing SiC particles with different sizes(30 and 300 nm)on different characteristics of the composite surface was studied.The results indicated that the microstructure was refined and mechanical properties such as hardness,ductility,and strength were enhanced as FSVP was applied.Furthermore,it was concluded that the effect of reinforcing particles with a size of 30 nm on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface composite was more obvious than that of particles with a size of 300 nm.It was also found that mechanical properties and microstructure of FSV-processed specimens were improved as vibration frequency increased.The hardness value in the stir zone was about 157 MPa for the FSV-processed specimen at a vibration frequency of 50 Hz,while this value was around 116 MPa for the FSV-processed specimen at a vibration frequency of 25 Hz.
文摘The permutation flow shop scheduling problems with deteriorating jobs and rejection on dominant machines were studied.The objectives are to minimize the makespan of scheduled jobs plus the total rejection penalty and the total completion time of scheduled jobs plus the total rejection penalty.For each objective, polynomial time algorithms based on dynamic programming were presented.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation ofChina (No. 50105019)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 20060390337)
文摘Giant magnetostrictive actuators (GMAs) often work in a close-loop feedback system. This system needs independent sensors which may be difficult to be fixed, besides, excessive sensors may cause more unpredicted problems in a large system. This paper aims to develop a self-sensing GMA. An observer based on piezomagnetic equations is constructed to estimate the stress and strain of the magnetostrictive material. The observer based self-sensing approach depends on the facts that the magnetic field is controllable and that the magnetic induction is measurable. Aiming at the nonlinear hysteresis in magnetization, a hys- teresis compensation observer based on Preisach model is developed. Experiment verified the availability of the observer approach, and the hysteresis compensation observer has higher tracking precision than linear observer for dynamic force sensing.
文摘Thermal processing of milk is an important unit operation to inactivate the spoilage organism and enzymes and thus increase the storage life of milk, It was very difficult to find out the temperature distribution inside the cans during thermal processing. A Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） model was developed for thermization of milk in the can heating at 65℃ for the first time to determine the temperature distribution in the canned milk at stationary position. This developed CFD model was validated with the experimental measurements of temperature. The effects of thermization temperature on milk flow profile （velocity）, milk temperature and viscosity profiles inside the can during thermal process were investigated. Temperature profiles of milk in can at three different planes （i.e. top, middle and bottom plane） were studied. Moreover, thermization unit was calculated by correlating with temperature and it was found that maximum thermization unit was achieved at 540 s of thermal processing of milk in can.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51375082)
文摘Molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to study the nanometric machining of single crystal Nickel(Ni). Through an investigation of atomic displacement and the variation of cutting force, it is found that the latter is in accordance with the number variation of elastic displaced atoms in the workpiece. It is further found that the generation of complex stacking faults is the predominant cause of cutting force fluctuation, and the stacking faults with complex structures lead to work-hardening. The temperature of the cutting tool and workpiece is studied during the machining process. It is concluded that the selection of averaging steps has a significant influence on the system temperature distribution. Thus, the time-spatial averaging method, which has a high accuracy and consistency in temperature distribution, is proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11132011,11021262 and 11172303)the National Basic Research Program of China("973"Project)(Grant No.2012CB937500)
文摘In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the effect of machining velocities on the mechanism of chip formation in nano-metric copper. A wide range of cutting velocities was performed from 10 to 2000 m/s, and the microstructure's evolution from a crystalline state to an amorphous state was studied. At the low machining velocity, dislocations were generated from the surface in front of the tool, and the immobile dislocation deduced by the cross slip of dislocation was observed. At the high machining velocity, no crystal dislocation nucleated, but instead disorder atoms were found near the tool. Temperature near the tool region increased with the increasing machining velocities, and the temperature had an important effect on the phase transition of the crystal structure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos,51375082)
文摘Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to study the nanometric machining process of single crystal nickel. Atoms from different machining zones had different atomic crystal structures owing to the differences in the actions of the cutting tool. The stacking fault tetrahedral was formed by a series of dislocation reactions, and it maintained the stable structure after the dislocation reactions. In addition, evidence of crystal transition and recovery was found by analyzing the number variations in different types of atoms in the primary shear zone, amorphous region, and crystalline region. The effects of machining speed on the cutting force, chip and subsurface defects, and temperature of the contact zone between the tool and workpiece were investigated. The results suggest that higher the machining speed, larger is the cutting force. The degree of amorphousness of chip atoms and the depth and extent of subsurface defects increase with the machining speed. The average friction coefficient first decreases and then increases with the machining speed because of the temperature difference between the chip and machining surface.
