The main purpose of this paper was to examine female roles portrayed by advertising. More specifically, the questions that motivated this research project were ＂What messages about women have been given to society th...The main purpose of this paper was to examine female roles portrayed by advertising. More specifically, the questions that motivated this research project were ＂What messages about women have been given to society through advertisement？＂ and ＂Have these portrayals been changed during the past decades？＂ The study consisted of a systematic content analysis of Brazilian commercials from 1973 to 2000. The population from which this sample was drawn consisted of Brazilian commercials which got an award in international and national festivals. A probabilistic sample procedure was employed. Ninety five pieces were selected. The categories and operational rules used in the study were developed based on previous research. This study has proposed that female images in advertising are depicted in three different ways： stereotyped, idealized, and plural portrayals. Our results have revealed that some specific images have changed, however, they continued to be stereotyped and idealized.展开更多
This article proposes a new lack-of-test based on the weighted ratio of residuals and variances for partially linear regression models. The large and small sampling properties of the proposed test are established. The...This article proposes a new lack-of-test based on the weighted ratio of residuals and variances for partially linear regression models. The large and small sampling properties of the proposed test are established. The testing procedure is illustrated via several examples. Simulation studies show that the testing procedures are powerful even in small samples. An application of the test to a real data set is presented.展开更多
This paper proposes a moving ratio test, which is a modified version of ratio test by involving a bandwidth parameter, to detect multiple changes in persistence, and to determine the direction of switch. The asymptoti...This paper proposes a moving ratio test, which is a modified version of ratio test by involving a bandwidth parameter, to detect multiple changes in persistence, and to determine the direction of switch. The asymptotic distribution as well as its consistency are established. In order to estimate the change points, the authors propose a two step estimate approach. Simulations illustrate the performance of the test and estimate procedures in finite samples. An application to the analysis of Sweden/US foreign exchange rate demonstrates the validity of the procedure in practice.展开更多
文摘The main purpose of this paper was to examine female roles portrayed by advertising. More specifically, the questions that motivated this research project were ＂What messages about women have been given to society through advertisement？＂ and ＂Have these portrayals been changed during the past decades？＂ The study consisted of a systematic content analysis of Brazilian commercials from 1973 to 2000. The population from which this sample was drawn consisted of Brazilian commercials which got an award in international and national festivals. A probabilistic sample procedure was employed. Ninety five pieces were selected. The categories and operational rules used in the study were developed based on previous research. This study has proposed that female images in advertising are depicted in three different ways： stereotyped, idealized, and plural portrayals. Our results have revealed that some specific images have changed, however, they continued to be stereotyped and idealized.
基金partially supported by the Major Project of Humanities Social Science Foundation of Ministry of Education under Grant No.08JJD910247Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education under Grant No. 108120+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11271368Beijing Natural Science Foundation under Grant No.1102021the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universitiesthe Research Funds of Renmin University of China under Grant Nos.10XNL018 and 11XNH107
文摘This article proposes a new lack-of-test based on the weighted ratio of residuals and variances for partially linear regression models. The large and small sampling properties of the proposed test are established. The testing procedure is illustrated via several examples. Simulation studies show that the testing procedures are powerful even in small samples. An application of the test to a real data set is presented.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61065009 and 60972150
文摘This paper proposes a moving ratio test, which is a modified version of ratio test by involving a bandwidth parameter, to detect multiple changes in persistence, and to determine the direction of switch. The asymptotic distribution as well as its consistency are established. In order to estimate the change points, the authors propose a two step estimate approach. Simulations illustrate the performance of the test and estimate procedures in finite samples. An application to the analysis of Sweden/US foreign exchange rate demonstrates the validity of the procedure in practice.
