Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain p...Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain protein hydrolysates with high ni-trogen recovery and low bitter taste,enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using eight commercially available proteases.It turned out that the optimum enzyme was the ‘Mixed enzymes for animal proteolysis’.An enzyme dosage of 4%,a temperature of 50℃,and a hydrolysis time of 300 min were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain high NR (84.28%) and degree of hydrolysis (DH,16.18%) by orthogonal experiments.Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid of MDP (defatted mackerel protein) and MDPH (defatted mackerel protein hydrolysates).Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein,the essential amino acid chemical scores (CS) were greater than 1.0 (1.0 1.7) in MDPH,which is reflective of high nutritional value.This,coupled with the light color and slight fishy odor,indicates that MDPH would potentially have a wide range of applications such as nutritional additives,functional ingredients,and so on.展开更多
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and precipitation as an important phenomenon of global climate change have a great impact on grassland ecosystems. However, little is known about how the soil ammonia-oxidizing microorg...Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and precipitation as an important phenomenon of global climate change have a great impact on grassland ecosystems. However, little is known about how the soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms respond to the both changes. Ammonia oxidization is a crucial step in the soil nitrification and greatly inlfuenced by soil nitrogen availability. We used PCR and DGGE （denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis） approaches to investigate the responses of AOB （ammonia-oxidizing bacteria） 16S rRNA and AOA （ammonia-oxidizing archaea）amoA genes to nitrogen and water input inStipa baicalensis steppe, Inner Mongolia, northern China. After two years of nitrogen and water addition treatment, it was found that PNA （potential nitriifcation activity） was greatly enhanced by lower N fertilization treatment under water addition and higher N fertilization under no-water addition, while it decreased markedly in higher N fertilization under water addition. The community structure of AOB responded more sensitively to N fertilization and water input than AOA, resulting in the significantly decreased diversity in the AOB community along with a higher N fertilizer rate, but an obvious increase in the AOA community, demonstrating the active growth of AOA in higher N fertilization soils. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AOB communities were dominated byNitrosospira clusters3, 4 andNitrososmonas clusters 6 under water addition andNitrosospira culsters 1, 3 and 4 and under no-water addition, while AOA communities were grouped intoCrenarchaeote clusters 1, 2 and 5 under no-water addition and Crenarchaeote clusters 1, 2 and water lineage under water addition. The differences between the two water addition regimes strongly suggest that water input acts as an important role in shifting AOA and AOB communities. Moreover, in contrast to the AOA, the diversity of AOB was negatively correlated with total N, NH4^＋, NO3^- and pH under water addition, implying a signiifcant N fertilization and water effect on shaping AOA and AOB communities. In conclusion, our studies suggested that N fertilization and water addition and their composite effects had signiifcantly changed AOB and AOA communities, meanwhile, AOB and AOA communities could develop a desirable complementary mechanism in response to external changes.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30871943)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.3080 0858)
文摘Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain protein hydrolysates with high ni-trogen recovery and low bitter taste,enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using eight commercially available proteases.It turned out that the optimum enzyme was the ‘Mixed enzymes for animal proteolysis’.An enzyme dosage of 4%,a temperature of 50℃,and a hydrolysis time of 300 min were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain high NR (84.28%) and degree of hydrolysis (DH,16.18%) by orthogonal experiments.Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid of MDP (defatted mackerel protein) and MDPH (defatted mackerel protein hydrolysates).Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein,the essential amino acid chemical scores (CS) were greater than 1.0 (1.0 1.7) in MDPH,which is reflective of high nutritional value.This,coupled with the light color and slight fishy odor,indicates that MDPH would potentially have a wide range of applications such as nutritional additives,functional ingredients,and so on.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(31170435,31000242)
文摘Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and precipitation as an important phenomenon of global climate change have a great impact on grassland ecosystems. However, little is known about how the soil ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms respond to the both changes. Ammonia oxidization is a crucial step in the soil nitrification and greatly inlfuenced by soil nitrogen availability. We used PCR and DGGE （denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis） approaches to investigate the responses of AOB （ammonia-oxidizing bacteria） 16S rRNA and AOA （ammonia-oxidizing archaea）amoA genes to nitrogen and water input inStipa baicalensis steppe, Inner Mongolia, northern China. After two years of nitrogen and water addition treatment, it was found that PNA （potential nitriifcation activity） was greatly enhanced by lower N fertilization treatment under water addition and higher N fertilization under no-water addition, while it decreased markedly in higher N fertilization under water addition. The community structure of AOB responded more sensitively to N fertilization and water input than AOA, resulting in the significantly decreased diversity in the AOB community along with a higher N fertilizer rate, but an obvious increase in the AOA community, demonstrating the active growth of AOA in higher N fertilization soils. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AOB communities were dominated byNitrosospira clusters3, 4 andNitrososmonas clusters 6 under water addition andNitrosospira culsters 1, 3 and 4 and under no-water addition, while AOA communities were grouped intoCrenarchaeote clusters 1, 2 and 5 under no-water addition and Crenarchaeote clusters 1, 2 and water lineage under water addition. The differences between the two water addition regimes strongly suggest that water input acts as an important role in shifting AOA and AOB communities. Moreover, in contrast to the AOA, the diversity of AOB was negatively correlated with total N, NH4^＋, NO3^- and pH under water addition, implying a signiifcant N fertilization and water effect on shaping AOA and AOB communities. In conclusion, our studies suggested that N fertilization and water addition and their composite effects had signiifcantly changed AOB and AOA communities, meanwhile, AOB and AOA communities could develop a desirable complementary mechanism in response to external changes.
