A new competitive adsorption isothermal model(CAIM)was developed for the coexistent and competitive binding of heavy metals to the soil surface.This model extended the earlier adsorption isothermal models by consideri...A new competitive adsorption isothermal model(CAIM)was developed for the coexistent and competitive binding of heavy metals to the soil surface.This model extended the earlier adsorption isothermal models by considering more than one kind of ion adsorption on the soil surface.It was compared with the Langmuir model using different conditions, and it was found that CAIM,which was suitable for competitive ion adsorption at the soil solid-liquid surface,had more advantages than the Langmuir model.The new competitive adsorption isothermal model was used to fit the data of heavy metal(Zn and Cd)competitive adsorption by a yellow soil at two temperatures.The results showed that CAIM was appropriate for the competitive adsorption of heavy metals on the soil surface at different temperatures.The fitted parameters of CAIM had explicit physical meaning.The model allowed for the calculation of the standard molar Gibbs free energy change,the standard molar enthalpy change,and the standard molar entropy change of the competitive adsorption of the heavy metals,Zn and Cd,by the yellow soil at two temperatures using the thermodynamic equilibrium constants.展开更多
The mainstream depth of a return flow can be viewed as an intrinsic depth of horizontal convection. By using a theoretical tube model combined with the application of the Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MaxEPP) ...The mainstream depth of a return flow can be viewed as an intrinsic depth of horizontal convection. By using a theoretical tube model combined with the application of the Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MaxEPP) in thermodynamics, the following statements can be made. Under fixed external forcing, the system chooses a particular depth as the mainstream depth of its return flow, the depth of which not only satisfies the maximum circulation rate and the maximum heat transport, but also satisfies the maximum entropy production rate. A comparison between this intrinsic depth and the container height leads to the definition of a relative partial and full-penetration pattern of the circulation. Moreover, this intrinsic depth is found to vary with the external forcing; the regulation of this variation is related to the Modified Rayleigh number.展开更多
Because of its landscape heterogeneity,Koshi Basin（KB） is home to one of the world＇s most abundant,diverse group of species.Habitat change evaluations for key protected species are very important for biodiversity p...Because of its landscape heterogeneity,Koshi Basin（KB） is home to one of the world＇s most abundant,diverse group of species.Habitat change evaluations for key protected species are very important for biodiversity protection in this region.Based on current and future world climate and land cover data,MaxE nt model was used to simulate potential habitat changes for key protected species.The results shows that the overall accuracy of the model is high（AUC 0.9）,suggesting that the MaxE nt-derived distributions are a close approximation of real-world distribution probabilities.The valley around Chentang Town and Dram Town in China,and Lamabagar and the northern part of Landtang National Park in Nepal are the most important regions for the protection of the habitat in KB.The habitat area of Grus nigricollis,Panax pseudoginseng,and Presbytis entellus is expected to decrease in future climate and land cover scenarios.More focus should be placed on protecting forests and wetlands since these are the main habitats for these species.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of China(No.IRT0749)
文摘A new competitive adsorption isothermal model(CAIM)was developed for the coexistent and competitive binding of heavy metals to the soil surface.This model extended the earlier adsorption isothermal models by considering more than one kind of ion adsorption on the soil surface.It was compared with the Langmuir model using different conditions, and it was found that CAIM,which was suitable for competitive ion adsorption at the soil solid-liquid surface,had more advantages than the Langmuir model.The new competitive adsorption isothermal model was used to fit the data of heavy metal(Zn and Cd)competitive adsorption by a yellow soil at two temperatures.The results showed that CAIM was appropriate for the competitive adsorption of heavy metals on the soil surface at different temperatures.The fitted parameters of CAIM had explicit physical meaning.The model allowed for the calculation of the standard molar Gibbs free energy change,the standard molar enthalpy change,and the standard molar entropy change of the competitive adsorption of the heavy metals,Zn and Cd,by the yellow soil at two temperatures using the thermodynamic equilibrium constants.
基金Supported by the The National Basic Research Program (973 Program) (Nos. 2007CB816004, 2005CB422302)the National Outstanding Youth Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40725017)
文摘The mainstream depth of a return flow can be viewed as an intrinsic depth of horizontal convection. By using a theoretical tube model combined with the application of the Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MaxEPP) in thermodynamics, the following statements can be made. Under fixed external forcing, the system chooses a particular depth as the mainstream depth of its return flow, the depth of which not only satisfies the maximum circulation rate and the maximum heat transport, but also satisfies the maximum entropy production rate. A comparison between this intrinsic depth and the container height leads to the definition of a relative partial and full-penetration pattern of the circulation. Moreover, this intrinsic depth is found to vary with the external forcing; the regulation of this variation is related to the Modified Rayleigh number.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371120)Tibet Key Science and Technology Program(2015XZ01G72)The Australian Government-funded Koshi Basin Programme at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD)
文摘Because of its landscape heterogeneity,Koshi Basin（KB） is home to one of the world＇s most abundant,diverse group of species.Habitat change evaluations for key protected species are very important for biodiversity protection in this region.Based on current and future world climate and land cover data,MaxE nt model was used to simulate potential habitat changes for key protected species.The results shows that the overall accuracy of the model is high（AUC 0.9）,suggesting that the MaxE nt-derived distributions are a close approximation of real-world distribution probabilities.The valley around Chentang Town and Dram Town in China,and Lamabagar and the northern part of Landtang National Park in Nepal are the most important regions for the protection of the habitat in KB.The habitat area of Grus nigricollis,Panax pseudoginseng,and Presbytis entellus is expected to decrease in future climate and land cover scenarios.More focus should be placed on protecting forests and wetlands since these are the main habitats for these species.
