In order to investigate the influences of the stoichiometric ratio of La/Mg （increasing La and decreasing Mg on the same mole ratio） on the structure and electrochemical performances of the La-Mg-Ni-based A2B7-type ...In order to investigate the influences of the stoichiometric ratio of La/Mg （increasing La and decreasing Mg on the same mole ratio） on the structure and electrochemical performances of the La-Mg-Ni-based A2B7-type electrode alloy, the as-cast and the annealed ternary Lao.8＋xMgo.2_xNi3.5 （x=0-0.05） electrode alloys were prepared. The characterization of electrode alloys by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） shows that all the as-cast and the annealed alloys hold two major phases of （La,Mg）2Ni7 and LaNi5 as well as a residual phase of LaNi3. Moreover, the increase of La/Mg ratio brings on a decline of （La,Mg）2Ni7 phase and a rise of LaNi5 and LaNi3 phases. The variation of La/Mg ratio gives rise to an evident change of the electrochemical performances of the alloys. The discharge capacities of the as-cast and the annealed alloys evidently decrease with growing the La/Mg ratio, while the cycle stabilities of the alloys visibly augment under the same condition. Furthermore, the high rate discharge ability （HRD）, the electrochemical impedance spectrum （EIS）, the Tafel polarization curves, and the potential step measurements all indicate that the electrochemical kinetic properties of the alloy electrodes increase with the La/Mg ratio rising.展开更多
In order to investigate the dependence of microstructure and mechanical properties on the rolling process parameters, AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets with different grain sizes, basal texture intensities and twinning type...In order to investigate the dependence of microstructure and mechanical properties on the rolling process parameters, AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets with different grain sizes, basal texture intensities and twinning types were obtained using hot rolling at various temperatures and reductions. The volume fractions of the extension, contraction and secondary twins in the as-rolled sheets depend on the grain size. The highest volume fractions of three types of twins are obtained at 523 K under the reduction of 10% when the average grain size value is the maximum. The critical reductions for complete dynamic recrystallization are 30% at 523 K and 40% at 473 K. The increase of yield strength is ascribed to both grain-refinement strengthening and basal texture strengthening at the first stage. When the grain size does not decrease with increasing the reduction, the yield strength is mainly influenced by the texture weakening.展开更多
La0.7Ce0.3Ni3.75Mn0.35Al0.15Cu0.75-xFex （x=0-0.20） hydrogen storage alloys were synthesized by induction melting and subsequent annealing treatment, and phase structure and electrochemical characteristics were inves...La0.7Ce0.3Ni3.75Mn0.35Al0.15Cu0.75-xFex （x=0-0.20） hydrogen storage alloys were synthesized by induction melting and subsequent annealing treatment, and phase structure and electrochemical characteristics were investigated. All alloys consist of a single LaNi5 phase with CaCu5 structure, and the lattice constant a and the cell volume （V） of the LaNi5 phase increase with increasing x value. The maximum discharge capacity gradually decreases from 319.0 mA？h/g （x=0） to 291.9 mA？h/g （x=0.20） with the increase in x value. The high-rate dischargeability at the discharge current density of 1200 mA/g decreases monotonically from 53.1% （x=0） to 44.2% （x=0.20）. The cycling stability increases with increasing x from 0 to 0.20, which is mainly ascribed to the improvement of the pulverization resistance.展开更多
In this paper,structural dynamic characteristics of a high-speed light special catamaran-wave piercing catamaran are analyzed using the FEA software MSC-NASTRAN. The dynamic reduction method is introduced to eliminate...In this paper,structural dynamic characteristics of a high-speed light special catamaran-wave piercing catamaran are analyzed using the FEA software MSC-NASTRAN. The dynamic reduction method is introduced to eliminate the local vibration modes in order to obtain the whole ship＇s mode shapes. In the post-processor, a lot of accessorial methods are adopted to eliminate the local vibrations, so that the whole ship＇s mode shapes can be identified. The modal analysis indicates that the dynamic reduction method fits for mode shapes identifying. In the end,the test results of a catamaran named Frederick G. Greed are used for reference to validate the obtained results. The comparison process shows that the results are credible. A special mode shape, which is quite different with that of conventional monohull ship, is also pointed out. The obtained results provide a valuable reference for the coming computation of catamaran＇s vihration characteristics.展开更多
The effects of electromagnetic vibration on the grain refinement in directional solid- ification were investigated. It was found that the electromagnetic vibration applied in the melt not only can refine grains remark...The effects of electromagnetic vibration on the grain refinement in directional solid- ification were investigated. It was found that the electromagnetic vibration applied in the melt not only can refine grains remarkably but also can enhance both tensile strength and ductility values of Al-6%Si alloy. SEM graphs show that coarse dendrite structure was broken up into a somewhat globular structure, and the morphology of eutectic silicon was changed from flaky to fibrous under electromagnetic vibration treatment. The refine mechanism under electromagnetic vibration was discussed.展开更多
The effect of Nd addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr(wt.%) alloy was investigated. The Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr and Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloys were extruded at 673 K. The elongated no...The effect of Nd addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr(wt.%) alloy was investigated. The Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr and Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloys were extruded at 673 K. The elongated non-dynamic recrystallized(un-DRXed) grains disappear after adding Nd, and uniformly distributed dynamic recrystallized grains with a grain size of 1.68 μm were obtained in the alloy. In addition, numerous nano-Mg5(Gd,Nd)particles were found to precipitate dynamically in the Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloy, which gave rise to the dynamic recrystallization process via providing nucleation energy through hindering the release of deformation energy and promoting an increase in the strength through the Orowan strengthening mechanism. Moreover, the dynamically recrystallized(DRXed) grains have a weak texture, which plays a significant role in improving the ductility. Therefore,the Nd addition favors the improvement of strength and elongation for the as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr alloy,simultaneously.展开更多
Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces(BNSS) can reduce fluid adhesion and resistance, and the effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure arranged in tire tread pattern grooves surface on anti-hydrop...Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces(BNSS) can reduce fluid adhesion and resistance, and the effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure arranged in tire tread pattern grooves surface on anti-hydroplaning performance was investigated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The physical model of the object(model of V-riblet surface distribution, hydroplaning model) and SST k-ω turbulence model were established for numerical analysis of tire hydroplaning. With the help of a orthogonal table L16(45), the parameters of V-riblet structure design compared to the smooth structure were analyzed, and obtained the priority level of the experimental factors as well as the best combination within the scope of the experiment. The simulation results show that V-riblet structure can reduce water flow resistance by disturbing the eddy movement in boundary layers. Then, the preferred type of V-riblet non-smooth structure was arranged on the bottom of tire grooves for hydroplaning performance analysis. The results show that bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure can effectively increase hydroplaning velocity and improve tire anti-hydroplaning performance. Bionic design of tire tread pattern grooves is a good way to promote anti-hydroplaning performance without increasing additional groove space, so that tire grip performance and roll noise are avoided due to grooves space enlargement.展开更多
This paper presents an experimental and systematic investigation about how geometric parameters on a biplane configuration have an influence on aerodynamic parameters. This experimental investigation has been develope...This paper presents an experimental and systematic investigation about how geometric parameters on a biplane configuration have an influence on aerodynamic parameters. This experimental investigation has been developed in a two-dimensional approach. Theoretical studies about biplanes configurations have been developed in the past, but there is not enough information about experimental wind tunnel data at low Reynolds number. This two-dimensional study is a first step to further tridimensional investigations about the box wing configuration. The main objective of the study is to find the relationships between the geometrical parameters which present the best aerodynamic behavior： the highest lift, the lowest drag and the lowest slope of the pitching moment. A tridimensional wing-box model will be designed following the pattern of the two dimensional study conclusions. It will respond to the geometrical relationships that have been considered to show the better aerodynamic behavior. This box-wing model will be studied in the aim of comparing the advantages and disadvantages between this biplane configuration and the plane configuration, looking for implementing the box-wing in the UAV＇s field. Although the box wing configuration has been used in a small number of existing UAV, prestigious researchers have found it as a field of high aerodynamic and structural potential.展开更多
To study the aerodynamic performance of a new six-axis X2K double-deck container vehicle, numerical simulation was done based on three-dimensional, steady Navier-Stokes equations and k-e turbulence model. The results ...To study the aerodynamic performance of a new six-axis X2K double-deck container vehicle, numerical simulation was done based on three-dimensional, steady Navier-Stokes equations and k-e turbulence model. The results show that the pressure on the front surface of vehicle is positive, and others are negative. The maximum negative one appears as a ＂gate＂ shape on front surfaces. The pressure on vehicle increases with train speed, and pressure on vehicles with cross-loaded structure is smaller than that without it. The airflow around vehicles is symmetrical about train vertical axis, and the flow velocity decreases gradually along the axis to ground. Airflow around vehicles with cross-loaded structure is weaker than that without the structure. The aerodynamic drag increases linearly with the train speed, and it is minimum for the mid-vehicle. The linear coefficient for mid-vehicle without cross-loaded structure is 29.75, nearly one time larger than that with the structure valued as 15.425. So, from the view-point of aerodynamic drag, the cross-loaded structure is more reasonable for the six-axis X2K double-deck container vehicle.展开更多
The solution of linear equation group can be applied to the oil exploration, the structure vibration analysis, the computational fluid dynamics, and other fields. When we make the in-depth analysis of some large or ve...The solution of linear equation group can be applied to the oil exploration, the structure vibration analysis, the computational fluid dynamics, and other fields. When we make the in-depth analysis of some large or very large complicated structures, we must use the parallel algorithm with the aid of high-performance computers to solve complex problems. This paper introduces the implementation process having the parallel with sparse linear equations from the perspective of sparse linear equation group.展开更多
A general method for facile kinetics-controlled growth of aligned arrays of mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorods on arbitrary substrates has been developed by adjusting supersaturation in a unique ternary solvent system comp...A general method for facile kinetics-controlled growth of aligned arrays of mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorods on arbitrary substrates has been developed by adjusting supersaturation in a unique ternary solvent system comprising acetic acid, ethanol and water. The hydrolysis processes of Sn（IV） as well as the nucleation and growth of SnO2 crystals were carefully controlled in the mixed solvents, leading to an exclusively heterogeneous nucleation on a substrate and the subsequent growth into mesocrystalline nanorod arrays. In particular, aligned arrays of hierarchically structured, [001]-oriented mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorods with four {110} lateral facets can be readily grown on Ti foil as well as many other inert substrates such as fluoride-doped tin oxide （FTO）, Si, graphite, and polytetrafluoroethylene （Teflon）. Due to the unique combination of the mesocrystalline structure and the one-dimensional nanoarray structure, the obtained mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorod arrays grown on metallic Ti substrate exhibited an excellent rate performance with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 65.6% and a reversible capacity of 720 mA.h/g at a charge/discharge rate of 10 C （namely, 7,820 mA/g） when used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
Thermodynamic hypothesis and kinetic stabil- ity are currently used to understand protein folding. The former assumes that free energy minimum is the exclusive dominant mechanism in most cases, while the latter shows ...Thermodynamic hypothesis and kinetic stabil- ity are currently used to understand protein folding. The former assumes that free energy minimum is the exclusive dominant mechanism in most cases, while the latter shows that some proteins have even lower free energy in inter- mediate states and their native states are kinetically trapped in the higher free energy region. This article explores the stability condition of protein structures on the basis of our study of complex chemical systems. We believe that sep- arating one from another is not reasonable since they should be coupled, and protein structures should be dom- inated by at least two mechanisms resulting in different characteristic states. It is concluded that： （1） Structures of proteins are dynamic, showing multiple characteristic states emerging alternately and each dominated by a respective mechanism. （2） Compromise in competition of multiple dominant mechanisms might be the key to understanding the stability of protein structures. （3） The dynamic process of protein folding should be depicted through the time series of both its energetic and structural changes, which is much meaningful and applicable than the free energy landscape.展开更多
基金Projects(51161015,51371094) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to investigate the influences of the stoichiometric ratio of La/Mg （increasing La and decreasing Mg on the same mole ratio） on the structure and electrochemical performances of the La-Mg-Ni-based A2B7-type electrode alloy, the as-cast and the annealed ternary Lao.8＋xMgo.2_xNi3.5 （x=0-0.05） electrode alloys were prepared. The characterization of electrode alloys by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） shows that all the as-cast and the annealed alloys hold two major phases of （La,Mg）2Ni7 and LaNi5 as well as a residual phase of LaNi3. Moreover, the increase of La/Mg ratio brings on a decline of （La,Mg）2Ni7 phase and a rise of LaNi5 and LaNi3 phases. The variation of La/Mg ratio gives rise to an evident change of the electrochemical performances of the alloys. The discharge capacities of the as-cast and the annealed alloys evidently decrease with growing the La/Mg ratio, while the cycle stabilities of the alloys visibly augment under the same condition. Furthermore, the high rate discharge ability （HRD）, the electrochemical impedance spectrum （EIS）, the Tafel polarization curves, and the potential step measurements all indicate that the electrochemical kinetic properties of the alloy electrodes increase with the La/Mg ratio rising.
文摘In order to investigate the dependence of microstructure and mechanical properties on the rolling process parameters, AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets with different grain sizes, basal texture intensities and twinning types were obtained using hot rolling at various temperatures and reductions. The volume fractions of the extension, contraction and secondary twins in the as-rolled sheets depend on the grain size. The highest volume fractions of three types of twins are obtained at 523 K under the reduction of 10% when the average grain size value is the maximum. The critical reductions for complete dynamic recrystallization are 30% at 523 K and 40% at 473 K. The increase of yield strength is ascribed to both grain-refinement strengthening and basal texture strengthening at the first stage. When the grain size does not decrease with increasing the reduction, the yield strength is mainly influenced by the texture weakening.
基金Project (51001043) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (NCET2011) supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, China+4 种基金Project (201104390) supported by China Postdoctoral Science Special FoundationProject (20100470990) supported by China Postdoctoral Science FoundationProject (2012IRTSTHN007) supported by Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in the University of Henan Province, ChinaProject (2011J1003) supported by Baotou Science and Technology Project, ChinaProject (B2010-13) supported by the Doctoral Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University, China
文摘La0.7Ce0.3Ni3.75Mn0.35Al0.15Cu0.75-xFex （x=0-0.20） hydrogen storage alloys were synthesized by induction melting and subsequent annealing treatment, and phase structure and electrochemical characteristics were investigated. All alloys consist of a single LaNi5 phase with CaCu5 structure, and the lattice constant a and the cell volume （V） of the LaNi5 phase increase with increasing x value. The maximum discharge capacity gradually decreases from 319.0 mA？h/g （x=0） to 291.9 mA？h/g （x=0.20） with the increase in x value. The high-rate dischargeability at the discharge current density of 1200 mA/g decreases monotonically from 53.1% （x=0） to 44.2% （x=0.20）. The cycling stability increases with increasing x from 0 to 0.20, which is mainly ascribed to the improvement of the pulverization resistance.
文摘In this paper,structural dynamic characteristics of a high-speed light special catamaran-wave piercing catamaran are analyzed using the FEA software MSC-NASTRAN. The dynamic reduction method is introduced to eliminate the local vibration modes in order to obtain the whole ship＇s mode shapes. In the post-processor, a lot of accessorial methods are adopted to eliminate the local vibrations, so that the whole ship＇s mode shapes can be identified. The modal analysis indicates that the dynamic reduction method fits for mode shapes identifying. In the end,the test results of a catamaran named Frederick G. Greed are used for reference to validate the obtained results. The comparison process shows that the results are credible. A special mode shape, which is quite different with that of conventional monohull ship, is also pointed out. The obtained results provide a valuable reference for the coming computation of catamaran＇s vihration characteristics.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.59871026)the Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (04ZD14002)
文摘The effects of electromagnetic vibration on the grain refinement in directional solid- ification were investigated. It was found that the electromagnetic vibration applied in the melt not only can refine grains remarkably but also can enhance both tensile strength and ductility values of Al-6%Si alloy. SEM graphs show that coarse dendrite structure was broken up into a somewhat globular structure, and the morphology of eutectic silicon was changed from flaky to fibrous under electromagnetic vibration treatment. The refine mechanism under electromagnetic vibration was discussed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province, China (Nos. 20210302123135, 20210302123163, 201901D211096, 201901D111272)Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51901153)+1 种基金Science and Technology Major Project of Shanxi Province, China (Nos. 20191102008, 20191102007, 20191102004)Shanxi Province Scientific Facilities and Instruments Shared Service Platform of Magnesium-based Materials Electric Impulse Aided Forming, China (No. 201805D141005)。
文摘The effect of Nd addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr(wt.%) alloy was investigated. The Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr and Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloys were extruded at 673 K. The elongated non-dynamic recrystallized(un-DRXed) grains disappear after adding Nd, and uniformly distributed dynamic recrystallized grains with a grain size of 1.68 μm were obtained in the alloy. In addition, numerous nano-Mg5(Gd,Nd)particles were found to precipitate dynamically in the Mg-9Gd-2Nd-0.5Zr alloy, which gave rise to the dynamic recrystallization process via providing nucleation energy through hindering the release of deformation energy and promoting an increase in the strength through the Orowan strengthening mechanism. Moreover, the dynamically recrystallized(DRXed) grains have a weak texture, which plays a significant role in improving the ductility. Therefore,the Nd addition favors the improvement of strength and elongation for the as-extruded Mg-9Gd-0.5Zr alloy,simultaneously.
基金Project(51405201)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(1291120046)supported by the Jiangsu University Advanced Talents Initial Funding,China+1 种基金Project(QC201303)supported by the Open Fund of Automotive Engineering Key Laboratory,ChinaProject(2014M551509)supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
文摘Inspired by the idea that bionic non-smooth surfaces(BNSS) can reduce fluid adhesion and resistance, and the effect of bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure arranged in tire tread pattern grooves surface on anti-hydroplaning performance was investigated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The physical model of the object(model of V-riblet surface distribution, hydroplaning model) and SST k-ω turbulence model were established for numerical analysis of tire hydroplaning. With the help of a orthogonal table L16(45), the parameters of V-riblet structure design compared to the smooth structure were analyzed, and obtained the priority level of the experimental factors as well as the best combination within the scope of the experiment. The simulation results show that V-riblet structure can reduce water flow resistance by disturbing the eddy movement in boundary layers. Then, the preferred type of V-riblet non-smooth structure was arranged on the bottom of tire grooves for hydroplaning performance analysis. The results show that bionic V-riblet non-smooth structure can effectively increase hydroplaning velocity and improve tire anti-hydroplaning performance. Bionic design of tire tread pattern grooves is a good way to promote anti-hydroplaning performance without increasing additional groove space, so that tire grip performance and roll noise are avoided due to grooves space enlargement.
文摘This paper presents an experimental and systematic investigation about how geometric parameters on a biplane configuration have an influence on aerodynamic parameters. This experimental investigation has been developed in a two-dimensional approach. Theoretical studies about biplanes configurations have been developed in the past, but there is not enough information about experimental wind tunnel data at low Reynolds number. This two-dimensional study is a first step to further tridimensional investigations about the box wing configuration. The main objective of the study is to find the relationships between the geometrical parameters which present the best aerodynamic behavior： the highest lift, the lowest drag and the lowest slope of the pitching moment. A tridimensional wing-box model will be designed following the pattern of the two dimensional study conclusions. It will respond to the geometrical relationships that have been considered to show the better aerodynamic behavior. This box-wing model will be studied in the aim of comparing the advantages and disadvantages between this biplane configuration and the plane configuration, looking for implementing the box-wing in the UAV＇s field. Although the box wing configuration has been used in a small number of existing UAV, prestigious researchers have found it as a field of high aerodynamic and structural potential.
基金Project(50975289) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2009J007-C) supported by the Technological Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Railways,ChinaProject(CX2010B122) supported by Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate Students,China
文摘To study the aerodynamic performance of a new six-axis X2K double-deck container vehicle, numerical simulation was done based on three-dimensional, steady Navier-Stokes equations and k-e turbulence model. The results show that the pressure on the front surface of vehicle is positive, and others are negative. The maximum negative one appears as a ＂gate＂ shape on front surfaces. The pressure on vehicle increases with train speed, and pressure on vehicles with cross-loaded structure is smaller than that without it. The airflow around vehicles is symmetrical about train vertical axis, and the flow velocity decreases gradually along the axis to ground. Airflow around vehicles with cross-loaded structure is weaker than that without the structure. The aerodynamic drag increases linearly with the train speed, and it is minimum for the mid-vehicle. The linear coefficient for mid-vehicle without cross-loaded structure is 29.75, nearly one time larger than that with the structure valued as 15.425. So, from the view-point of aerodynamic drag, the cross-loaded structure is more reasonable for the six-axis X2K double-deck container vehicle.
文摘The solution of linear equation group can be applied to the oil exploration, the structure vibration analysis, the computational fluid dynamics, and other fields. When we make the in-depth analysis of some large or very large complicated structures, we must use the parallel algorithm with the aid of high-performance computers to solve complex problems. This paper introduces the implementation process having the parallel with sparse linear equations from the perspective of sparse linear equation group.
文摘A general method for facile kinetics-controlled growth of aligned arrays of mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorods on arbitrary substrates has been developed by adjusting supersaturation in a unique ternary solvent system comprising acetic acid, ethanol and water. The hydrolysis processes of Sn（IV） as well as the nucleation and growth of SnO2 crystals were carefully controlled in the mixed solvents, leading to an exclusively heterogeneous nucleation on a substrate and the subsequent growth into mesocrystalline nanorod arrays. In particular, aligned arrays of hierarchically structured, [001]-oriented mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorods with four {110} lateral facets can be readily grown on Ti foil as well as many other inert substrates such as fluoride-doped tin oxide （FTO）, Si, graphite, and polytetrafluoroethylene （Teflon）. Due to the unique combination of the mesocrystalline structure and the one-dimensional nanoarray structure, the obtained mesocrystalline SnO2 nanorod arrays grown on metallic Ti substrate exhibited an excellent rate performance with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 65.6% and a reversible capacity of 720 mA.h/g at a charge/discharge rate of 10 C （namely, 7,820 mA/g） when used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21103195)the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KGCX2-YW-124)
文摘Thermodynamic hypothesis and kinetic stabil- ity are currently used to understand protein folding. The former assumes that free energy minimum is the exclusive dominant mechanism in most cases, while the latter shows that some proteins have even lower free energy in inter- mediate states and their native states are kinetically trapped in the higher free energy region. This article explores the stability condition of protein structures on the basis of our study of complex chemical systems. We believe that sep- arating one from another is not reasonable since they should be coupled, and protein structures should be dom- inated by at least two mechanisms resulting in different characteristic states. It is concluded that： （1） Structures of proteins are dynamic, showing multiple characteristic states emerging alternately and each dominated by a respective mechanism. （2） Compromise in competition of multiple dominant mechanisms might be the key to understanding the stability of protein structures. （3） The dynamic process of protein folding should be depicted through the time series of both its energetic and structural changes, which is much meaningful and applicable than the free energy landscape.
