This paper puts forword 11 cartographic generalization operator models and introduces their mathematical definitions,and thus a precise mathematical form and quantitative description has been given to these formerly l...This paper puts forword 11 cartographic generalization operator models and introduces their mathematical definitions,and thus a precise mathematical form and quantitative description has been given to these formerly limited qualitative concepts.The meaning of mathematical definition of operators for cartographic generalization and the application prospect in computer_aided cartography (CAC) is stated.ract The Jurassic strata in Jingyan of Sichuan containing the Mamenchinsaurus fauna are dealt with and divided in this paper. The Mamenchisaurus fossils contained there are compared in morphological features and stratigraphically with other types of the genus on by one. The comprehensive analysis show that the Mamenchisaurus fauna of Jingyan appeared in the early Late Jurassic and is primitive in morphology. The results of the morphological identification and stratigraphical study agree with each other. Their evolutionary processes in different apoches of the Late Jurassic also made clear. Key words Jingyan, Sichuan, Mamenchisaurus Fauna, stratigraphy, evolution展开更多
In this study, a group of indices were defined regarding intensity （P）, area （S） and central position （λc, Фc） of the Aleutian low （AL） in the Northern Hemisphere in winter, using seasonal and monthly mean h...In this study, a group of indices were defined regarding intensity （P）, area （S） and central position （λc, Фc） of the Aleutian low （AL） in the Northern Hemisphere in winter, using seasonal and monthly mean height field at 1000-hPa. These indices were calculated over 60 winter seasons from 1948/1949 to 2007/2008 using reanalysis data. Climatic and anomalous characteristics of the AL were analyzed based on these indices and relationships between the AL, and general circulations were explored using correlations between indicesP, λc, and Pacific SST, as well as Northern Hemisphere temperature and precipitation. The main results are these： （1） AL is the strongest in January, when the center shifts to the south and west of its climatological position, and it is the weakest in December when the center shifts to the north and east. （2） AL intensity （P） is negatively correlated with its longitude （λc）： a deeper low occurs toward the east and a shallower low occurs toward the west. On a decadal scale, the AL has been persistently strong and has shifted eastward since the 1970s, but reversal signs have been observed in recent years. （3） The AL is stronger and is located toward the east during strong E1 Nifio winters and vice versa during strong La Nifia years; this tendency is particularly evident after 1975. The AL is also strongly correlated with SST in the North Pacific. It intensifies and moves eastward with negative SST anomalies, and it weakens and moves westward with positive SST anomalies. （4） Maps of significance correlation between AL intensity and Northern Hemisphere temperature and rainfall resemble the PNA teleconnection pattern in mid-latitudes in the North Pacific and across North America. The AL and the Mongolian High are two permanent atmospheric pressure systems adjacent to each other during boreal winter over the middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but their relationships with the E1 Nifio/La Nifia events and with temperature and precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere are significantly different.展开更多
This paper classifies the definitions of rhetoric into four groups based on the defining methods in Li’s English Rhetoric and Essay Writing so that one can have a deeper understanding of the term "rhetoric"?
This paper classifies the definitions of rhetoric into four groups based on the defining methods in Li’s English Rhetoric and Essay Writing so that one can have a deeper understanding of the term "rhetoric".
Reproduction and development are complex couple-dependent processes. Risk assessment for these health outcomes requires the use of biomarkers to link exposures to disease. Biological markers of susceptability, externa...Reproduction and development are complex couple-dependent processes. Risk assessment for these health outcomes requires the use of biomarkers to link exposures to disease. Biological markers of susceptability, external dose, internal dose, biologically effective dose, early or late biological responses, altered reproductive or developmental function, and reproductive or developmental disease are introduced. Using these biomarkers it is possible to define a biologically based risk assessment methodology for reproductive and developmental toxicity. Risk assessment for reproductive toxicity requires definition of male and female fecundity, couple-specific factors, spontaneous abortion, rate, and other factors. Using using sperm count as a biomarker for male fecundity, an example of a reproductive risk assessment using biomarkers is performed.展开更多
Partial formalization, which involves the development of deductive connections among statements, can be used to examine assumptions, definitions and related methodologies that are used in science. This approach has be...Partial formalization, which involves the development of deductive connections among statements, can be used to examine assumptions, definitions and related methodologies that are used in science. This approach has been applied to the study of nucleic acids recovered from natural microbial assemblages (NMA) by the use of bulk extraction. Six pools of bulk-extractable nucleic acids (BENA) are suggested to be present in a NMA: (pool 1) inactive microbes (abiotic-limited);(pool 2) inactive microbes (abiotic permissive, biotic-limited);(pool 3) dormant microbes (abiotic permissive, biotic-limited, but can become biotic permissive);(pool 4) in situ active microbes (the microbial community);(pool 5) viruses (virocells/virions/cryptic viral genomes);and (pool 6) extracellular nucleic acids including extracellular DNA (eDNA). Definitions for cells, the microbial community (in situ active cells), the rare biosphere, dormant cells (the microbial seed bank), viruses (virocells/virions/cryptic viral genomic), and diversity are presented, together with methodology suggested to allow their study. The word diversity will require at least 4 definitions, each involving a different methodology. These suggested definitions and methodologies should make it possible to make further advances in bulk extraction-based molecular microbial ecology.展开更多
Objectives: We aimed to 1) investigate the prevalence of MS in apparently healthy, non-hypertensive non-diabetic individuals living in Jeddah using the IDF and the NCEP-ATP III criteria to test for agreement in classi...Objectives: We aimed to 1) investigate the prevalence of MS in apparently healthy, non-hypertensive non-diabetic individuals living in Jeddah using the IDF and the NCEP-ATP III criteria to test for agreement in classification, and to determine the characteristics of subjects identified by either definition, and 2) examine the significance of family medical history and life style habits. Methods: 557 apparently healthy individuals aged 18 - 50 y were randomly approached in Jeddah health centres. 412 agreed to participate, while 55 were excluded because they were found to be frankly hypertensive and/or diabetic. Finally, 357 apparently healthy subjects with no hypertension or diabetes were fully studied. Anthropometric and demographic information were collected. Insulin, glucose, and lipid profile were obtained in fasting blood samples. Individuals were identified using the two definitions of metabolic syndrome, and their characteristics were compared statistically to the rest of the population. Results: Of the 233 subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 44 and 39 (18.9% and 16.7%) were identified as having MS by the IDF or ATPIII definitions, respectively. The most common characteristic was central obesity using the IDF definition, and low HDL-cholesterol using the NCEP-ATP III definition. As expected from our exclusion criteria, the least common feature was high blood pressure in both cases. There was no significant difference between subgroups with and without MS with regard to smoking, exercise, and family history of disease. Regression analysis indicated the strongest predictors of MS were: blood glucose, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and plasma insulin using the NCEP-ATPIII definition, and blood glucose, Waist /Hip ratio and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) using the IDF definition. Conclusions: In the absence of local cut-off thresholds for waist circumference, subjects might escape diagnosis using the IDF definition. The use of waist/Hip ratio, LDL-C: HDL-C, PAI and circulating insulin help with the diagnosis.展开更多
In this paper,we review the creation,evolution and application of wetland definitions.Varying wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica in the planet.Wetlands have many...In this paper,we review the creation,evolution and application of wetland definitions.Varying wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica in the planet.Wetlands have many distinguishing features,the most notable of which are water presence,unique soil conditions,and biota that are adapted to or tolerant of saturated soils.Many wetland definitions have been developed by scientists,U.S.federal agencies,and the Ramsar Convention for both scientific and regulatory purposes.Wetlands are not easily defined but a well-conceived,science-based definition of wetlands is important for scientists and resource managers to understand the nature of wetlands and/or to use and protect wetlands.A scientific definition is the basis for wetland classification.Developing an effective wetland classification system requires a well-conceived,science-based definition and clearly explicit guidance on the appropriate use of various wetland indicators to verify the presence of wetlands on the ground.Based on a well-accepted wetland definition,both wetland classification and inventory further provide needed information and a working frame for wise use and management of wetlands.展开更多
Pseudocapacitive materials generally offer both high capacitance and high rate capability, which has stimulated great efforts in developing the materials system and related energy storage devices. In recent years, how...Pseudocapacitive materials generally offer both high capacitance and high rate capability, which has stimulated great efforts in developing the materials system and related energy storage devices. In recent years, however, with the extensive use of nanomaterials in batteries, fast redox kinetics comparable to pseudocapacitive have been achieved in many kinds of battery materials due to the much shortened ion diffusion lengths and highly exposed surface/interface as a result of nanosize effect. Consequently, the terms"pseudocapacitive materials" and "battery materials" are becoming more and more confusing. In this review, different opinions on the definition of pseudocapacitive materials and the evolution of the definitions as well as the resulting confusion will be firstly reviewed. Then, to accurately distinguish pseudocapacitive and battery materials, method with the consideration of both the electrochemical signatures(CVs and GCD) and quantitative kinetics analysis as a supplement is proposed. Finally, we end this review by discussing the possible device configurations of asymmetric supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. The present review will help understanding the differences between pseudocapacitive materials and battery materials, and thus avoiding the definition confusion.展开更多
Along with industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and the states of ecosystem health and ecological security have also deteriorated. As the basic needs for human surviv...Along with industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and the states of ecosystem health and ecological security have also deteriorated. As the basic needs for human survival, ecosystem health and ecological security possess very important meanings. Therefore, ecosystem health and ecological security have become research hot topics in recent decades. This paper reviewed the developments of definitions and applications of ecosystem health and ecological security, and found that the research on ecosystem health had achieved a lot. However, the research on ecological security was still relatively undeveloped. Moreover, there are also some confusion between the concepts of ecosystem health and ecological security. We consider that ecosystem health indicates the status of the ecosystem in normal conditions, whereas, ecological security indicates the capabilities of an ecosystem to react to external accidents or extremely adverse effects. An ecosystem which is healthy does not mean that it is secure. However, the ecological security requires an ecosystem to possess the capacity for integrity against any risk, and ecosystem health is the precondition to ecological security.展开更多
The synthetic defining style, a predominant way used to define verbs in many dictionaries, is the main factor that makes dictionary definitions vague and incomplete. The present paper argues that instead of the synthe...The synthetic defining style, a predominant way used to define verbs in many dictionaries, is the main factor that makes dictionary definitions vague and incomplete. The present paper argues that instead of the synthetic defining mode, an analytical meaning-explaining way should be used in dictionaries designed for SLA learners. The analytical meanings of verbs are viewed as mini-narratives and form event schemata comprised of three sub-schemata, namely, participant schema, action schema and scenario schema. The three sub-schemata should be clearly fore-grounded in verbs＇ definitions in learners＇ dictionaries.展开更多
Background:There was no consistent definition for heat wave worldwide,while a limited number of studies have compared the mortality effect of heat wave as defined differently.This paper aimed to provide epidemiologica...Background:There was no consistent definition for heat wave worldwide,while a limited number of studies have compared the mortality effect of heat wave as defined differently.This paper aimed to provide epidemiological evidence for policy makers to determine the most appropriate definition for local heat wave warning systems.Methods:We developed 45 heat wave definitions(HWs)combining temperature indicators and temperature thresholds with durations.We then assessed the impact of heat waves under various definitions on non-accidental mortality in hot season(May-September)in Wuhan,China during 2003-2010.Results:Heat waves defined by HW14(daily mean temperature≥99.0th percentile and duration≥3 days)had the best predictive ability in assessing the mortality effects of heat wave with the relative risk of 1.63(95%CI:1.43,1.89)for total mortality.The group-specific mortality risk using official heat wave definition of Chinese Meteorological Administration was much smaller than that using HW14.We also found that women,and the elderly(age≥65)were more susceptible to heat wave effects which were stronger and longer lasting.Conclusion:These findings suggest that region specific heat wave definitions are crucial and necessary for developing efficient local heat warning systems and for providing evidence for policy makers to protect the vulnerable population.展开更多
Framework definitions of earlier informally used notions of effect and phenomenon are proposed, examples of their role in developing mathematics are given. Phenomena of singular cycle and deepening boundary layer in t...Framework definitions of earlier informally used notions of effect and phenomenon are proposed, examples of their role in developing mathematics are given. Phenomena of singular cycle and deepening boundary layer in the theory of singularly perturbed differential equations and ancient popular synergetic process described by system of random difference equations are presented.展开更多
To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the new Harmonized definitions, and the concordance between these definitions. This study...To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the new Harmonized definitions, and the concordance between these definitions. This study involved 313 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at two Malaysian tertiary hospitals. Socio-demographic data were assessed using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were carried out according to standard protocols. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were examined. Kappa (k) statistics were used for the agreement between the four MetS definitions. The overall prevalence rates of MetS (95% CI) were 95.8% (93.6-98.1), 96.1% (94.0-98.3), 84.8% (80.8-88.9) and 97.7% (96.1-99.4) according to the WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the Harmonized definitions, respectively. The Kappa statistics demonstrated a slight to substantial agreement between the definitions (k = 0.179-0.875, p k = 0.875, p hest specificity (100%) in identifying MetS. In conclusion, the new Harmonized criteria established the highest prevalence of MetS among the four definitions applied. There was a very good concordance between the WHO and NCEP ATP III criteria. The extremely high prevalence of MetS observed in type 2 diabetic patients indicates an impending pandemic of CVD risk in Malaysia. Aggressive treatment of MetS components is required to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM.展开更多
In previous papers, we proposed the important Ztransformations and obtained general solutions to a large number of linear and quasi-linear partial differential equations for the first time. In this paper, we will use ...In previous papers, we proposed the important Ztransformations and obtained general solutions to a large number of linear and quasi-linear partial differential equations for the first time. In this paper, we will use the Z1transformation to get the general solutions of some nonlinear partial differential equations for the first time, and use the general solutions to obtain the exact solutions of some typical definite solution problems.展开更多
This paper presents the analytical solutions for the responses of tunnels excavated in rock masses exhibiting strain-softening behavior. Since previous analyses give little consideration to the effect of the intermedi...This paper presents the analytical solutions for the responses of tunnels excavated in rock masses exhibiting strain-softening behavior. Since previous analyses give little consideration to the effect of the intermediate principal stress on the strain-softening rock behavior, the unified strength theory was introduced to analyze the tunnel response. Four cases of different definitions of the elastic strain in the softening and residual regions, used in the existing solutions, were considered. The tunnel displacements,stresses, radii of the softening and residual zones and critical stresses were deduced. The proposed solutions were verified by comparing with numerical simulations, model tests and existing solutions. Furthermore, the solutions of the four cases were compared with each other to investigate the influence of the elastic strain expressions on the tunnel responses. The results showed that the intermediate principal stress coefficient b has a significant effect on the tunnel displacements, stress fields, and plastic radii. Parametric studies were performed to analyze the influences of the softening and residual dilatancy coefficients,softening modulus and residual strength on the tunnel responses. The parametric analysis indicated that the existing models should be carefully evaluated in the analysis of tunnels constructed through average-quality rocks;the proposed solutions outperformed the existing models in solving the mentioned problem.展开更多
This paper addresses the issue of search of definitions. Specifically, for a given term, we are to find out its definition candidates and rank the candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. Th...This paper addresses the issue of search of definitions. Specifically, for a given term, we are to find out its definition candidates and rank the candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. This is in contrast to the traditional methods of either generating a single combined definition or outputting all retrieved definitions. Definition ranking is essential for tasks. A specification for judging the goodness of a definition is given. In the specification, a definition is categorized into one of the three levels： good definition, indifferent definition, or bad definition. Methods of performing definition ranking are also proposed in this paper, which formalize the problem as either classification or ordinal regression. We employ SVM （Support Vector Machines） as the classification model and Ranking SVM as the ordinal regression model respectively, and thus they rank definition candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. Features for constructing the SVM and Ranking SVM models are defined, which represent the characteristics of terms, definition candidate, and their relationship. Experimental results indicate that the use of SVM and Ranking SVM can significantly outperform the baseline methods such as heuristic rules, the conventional information retrieval--Okapi, or SVM regression. This is true when both the answers are paragraphs and they are sentences. Experimental results also show that SVM or Ranking SVM models trained in one domain can be adapted to another domain, indicating that generic models for definition ranking can be constructed.展开更多
文摘This paper puts forword 11 cartographic generalization operator models and introduces their mathematical definitions,and thus a precise mathematical form and quantitative description has been given to these formerly limited qualitative concepts.The meaning of mathematical definition of operators for cartographic generalization and the application prospect in computer_aided cartography (CAC) is stated.ract The Jurassic strata in Jingyan of Sichuan containing the Mamenchinsaurus fauna are dealt with and divided in this paper. The Mamenchisaurus fossils contained there are compared in morphological features and stratigraphically with other types of the genus on by one. The comprehensive analysis show that the Mamenchisaurus fauna of Jingyan appeared in the early Late Jurassic and is primitive in morphology. The results of the morphological identification and stratigraphical study agree with each other. Their evolutionary processes in different apoches of the Late Jurassic also made clear. Key words Jingyan, Sichuan, Mamenchisaurus Fauna, stratigraphy, evolution
基金supported by National Key Technology Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2007BAC29B02)the National Basic Research Program of China’s 973 Program (Grant Nos.2010CB950502 and 2010CB428904)the project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
文摘In this study, a group of indices were defined regarding intensity （P）, area （S） and central position （λc, Фc） of the Aleutian low （AL） in the Northern Hemisphere in winter, using seasonal and monthly mean height field at 1000-hPa. These indices were calculated over 60 winter seasons from 1948/1949 to 2007/2008 using reanalysis data. Climatic and anomalous characteristics of the AL were analyzed based on these indices and relationships between the AL, and general circulations were explored using correlations between indicesP, λc, and Pacific SST, as well as Northern Hemisphere temperature and precipitation. The main results are these： （1） AL is the strongest in January, when the center shifts to the south and west of its climatological position, and it is the weakest in December when the center shifts to the north and east. （2） AL intensity （P） is negatively correlated with its longitude （λc）： a deeper low occurs toward the east and a shallower low occurs toward the west. On a decadal scale, the AL has been persistently strong and has shifted eastward since the 1970s, but reversal signs have been observed in recent years. （3） The AL is stronger and is located toward the east during strong E1 Nifio winters and vice versa during strong La Nifia years; this tendency is particularly evident after 1975. The AL is also strongly correlated with SST in the North Pacific. It intensifies and moves eastward with negative SST anomalies, and it weakens and moves westward with positive SST anomalies. （4） Maps of significance correlation between AL intensity and Northern Hemisphere temperature and rainfall resemble the PNA teleconnection pattern in mid-latitudes in the North Pacific and across North America. The AL and the Mongolian High are two permanent atmospheric pressure systems adjacent to each other during boreal winter over the middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, but their relationships with the E1 Nifio/La Nifia events and with temperature and precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere are significantly different.
文摘This paper classifies the definitions of rhetoric into four groups based on the defining methods in Li’s English Rhetoric and Essay Writing so that one can have a deeper understanding of the term "rhetoric"?
文摘This paper classifies the definitions of rhetoric into four groups based on the defining methods in Li’s English Rhetoric and Essay Writing so that one can have a deeper understanding of the term "rhetoric".
文摘Reproduction and development are complex couple-dependent processes. Risk assessment for these health outcomes requires the use of biomarkers to link exposures to disease. Biological markers of susceptability, external dose, internal dose, biologically effective dose, early or late biological responses, altered reproductive or developmental function, and reproductive or developmental disease are introduced. Using these biomarkers it is possible to define a biologically based risk assessment methodology for reproductive and developmental toxicity. Risk assessment for reproductive toxicity requires definition of male and female fecundity, couple-specific factors, spontaneous abortion, rate, and other factors. Using using sperm count as a biomarker for male fecundity, an example of a reproductive risk assessment using biomarkers is performed.
文摘Partial formalization, which involves the development of deductive connections among statements, can be used to examine assumptions, definitions and related methodologies that are used in science. This approach has been applied to the study of nucleic acids recovered from natural microbial assemblages (NMA) by the use of bulk extraction. Six pools of bulk-extractable nucleic acids (BENA) are suggested to be present in a NMA: (pool 1) inactive microbes (abiotic-limited);(pool 2) inactive microbes (abiotic permissive, biotic-limited);(pool 3) dormant microbes (abiotic permissive, biotic-limited, but can become biotic permissive);(pool 4) in situ active microbes (the microbial community);(pool 5) viruses (virocells/virions/cryptic viral genomes);and (pool 6) extracellular nucleic acids including extracellular DNA (eDNA). Definitions for cells, the microbial community (in situ active cells), the rare biosphere, dormant cells (the microbial seed bank), viruses (virocells/virions/cryptic viral genomic), and diversity are presented, together with methodology suggested to allow their study. The word diversity will require at least 4 definitions, each involving a different methodology. These suggested definitions and methodologies should make it possible to make further advances in bulk extraction-based molecular microbial ecology.
文摘Objectives: We aimed to 1) investigate the prevalence of MS in apparently healthy, non-hypertensive non-diabetic individuals living in Jeddah using the IDF and the NCEP-ATP III criteria to test for agreement in classification, and to determine the characteristics of subjects identified by either definition, and 2) examine the significance of family medical history and life style habits. Methods: 557 apparently healthy individuals aged 18 - 50 y were randomly approached in Jeddah health centres. 412 agreed to participate, while 55 were excluded because they were found to be frankly hypertensive and/or diabetic. Finally, 357 apparently healthy subjects with no hypertension or diabetes were fully studied. Anthropometric and demographic information were collected. Insulin, glucose, and lipid profile were obtained in fasting blood samples. Individuals were identified using the two definitions of metabolic syndrome, and their characteristics were compared statistically to the rest of the population. Results: Of the 233 subjects fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 44 and 39 (18.9% and 16.7%) were identified as having MS by the IDF or ATPIII definitions, respectively. The most common characteristic was central obesity using the IDF definition, and low HDL-cholesterol using the NCEP-ATP III definition. As expected from our exclusion criteria, the least common feature was high blood pressure in both cases. There was no significant difference between subgroups with and without MS with regard to smoking, exercise, and family history of disease. Regression analysis indicated the strongest predictors of MS were: blood glucose, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and plasma insulin using the NCEP-ATPIII definition, and blood glucose, Waist /Hip ratio and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) using the IDF definition. Conclusions: In the absence of local cut-off thresholds for waist circumference, subjects might escape diagnosis using the IDF definition. The use of waist/Hip ratio, LDL-C: HDL-C, PAI and circulating insulin help with the diagnosis.
基金funded by the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(No.40830535andNo.40871089)
文摘In this paper,we review the creation,evolution and application of wetland definitions.Varying wetlands are found from the tundra to the tropics and on every continent except Antarctica in the planet.Wetlands have many distinguishing features,the most notable of which are water presence,unique soil conditions,and biota that are adapted to or tolerant of saturated soils.Many wetland definitions have been developed by scientists,U.S.federal agencies,and the Ramsar Convention for both scientific and regulatory purposes.Wetlands are not easily defined but a well-conceived,science-based definition of wetlands is important for scientists and resource managers to understand the nature of wetlands and/or to use and protect wetlands.A scientific definition is the basis for wetland classification.Developing an effective wetland classification system requires a well-conceived,science-based definition and clearly explicit guidance on the appropriate use of various wetland indicators to verify the presence of wetlands on the ground.Based on a well-accepted wetland definition,both wetland classification and inventory further provide needed information and a working frame for wise use and management of wetlands.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51672205,51872104 and 21673169)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2016YFA0202602)+1 种基金the Research Start-Up Fund from Wuhan University of Technologythe Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WUT:2016IVA083,2017IB005,185220011)
文摘Pseudocapacitive materials generally offer both high capacitance and high rate capability, which has stimulated great efforts in developing the materials system and related energy storage devices. In recent years, however, with the extensive use of nanomaterials in batteries, fast redox kinetics comparable to pseudocapacitive have been achieved in many kinds of battery materials due to the much shortened ion diffusion lengths and highly exposed surface/interface as a result of nanosize effect. Consequently, the terms"pseudocapacitive materials" and "battery materials" are becoming more and more confusing. In this review, different opinions on the definition of pseudocapacitive materials and the evolution of the definitions as well as the resulting confusion will be firstly reviewed. Then, to accurately distinguish pseudocapacitive and battery materials, method with the consideration of both the electrochemical signatures(CVs and GCD) and quantitative kinetics analysis as a supplement is proposed. Finally, we end this review by discussing the possible device configurations of asymmetric supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. The present review will help understanding the differences between pseudocapacitive materials and battery materials, and thus avoiding the definition confusion.
文摘Along with industrial development, adverse impacts on the natural environment become more serious, and the states of ecosystem health and ecological security have also deteriorated. As the basic needs for human survival, ecosystem health and ecological security possess very important meanings. Therefore, ecosystem health and ecological security have become research hot topics in recent decades. This paper reviewed the developments of definitions and applications of ecosystem health and ecological security, and found that the research on ecosystem health had achieved a lot. However, the research on ecological security was still relatively undeveloped. Moreover, there are also some confusion between the concepts of ecosystem health and ecological security. We consider that ecosystem health indicates the status of the ecosystem in normal conditions, whereas, ecological security indicates the capabilities of an ecosystem to react to external accidents or extremely adverse effects. An ecosystem which is healthy does not mean that it is secure. However, the ecological security requires an ecosystem to possess the capacity for integrity against any risk, and ecosystem health is the precondition to ecological security.
文摘The synthetic defining style, a predominant way used to define verbs in many dictionaries, is the main factor that makes dictionary definitions vague and incomplete. The present paper argues that instead of the synthetic defining mode, an analytical meaning-explaining way should be used in dictionaries designed for SLA learners. The analytical meanings of verbs are viewed as mini-narratives and form event schemata comprised of three sub-schemata, namely, participant schema, action schema and scenario schema. The three sub-schemata should be clearly fore-grounded in verbs＇ definitions in learners＇ dictionaries.
文摘Background:There was no consistent definition for heat wave worldwide,while a limited number of studies have compared the mortality effect of heat wave as defined differently.This paper aimed to provide epidemiological evidence for policy makers to determine the most appropriate definition for local heat wave warning systems.Methods:We developed 45 heat wave definitions(HWs)combining temperature indicators and temperature thresholds with durations.We then assessed the impact of heat waves under various definitions on non-accidental mortality in hot season(May-September)in Wuhan,China during 2003-2010.Results:Heat waves defined by HW14(daily mean temperature≥99.0th percentile and duration≥3 days)had the best predictive ability in assessing the mortality effects of heat wave with the relative risk of 1.63(95%CI:1.43,1.89)for total mortality.The group-specific mortality risk using official heat wave definition of Chinese Meteorological Administration was much smaller than that using HW14.We also found that women,and the elderly(age≥65)were more susceptible to heat wave effects which were stronger and longer lasting.Conclusion:These findings suggest that region specific heat wave definitions are crucial and necessary for developing efficient local heat warning systems and for providing evidence for policy makers to protect the vulnerable population.
文摘Framework definitions of earlier informally used notions of effect and phenomenon are proposed, examples of their role in developing mathematics are given. Phenomena of singular cycle and deepening boundary layer in the theory of singularly perturbed differential equations and ancient popular synergetic process described by system of random difference equations are presented.
文摘To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Malaysian type 2 diabetic patients using WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the new Harmonized definitions, and the concordance between these definitions. This study involved 313 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at two Malaysian tertiary hospitals. Socio-demographic data were assessed using a pre-tested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were carried out according to standard protocols. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were examined. Kappa (k) statistics were used for the agreement between the four MetS definitions. The overall prevalence rates of MetS (95% CI) were 95.8% (93.6-98.1), 96.1% (94.0-98.3), 84.8% (80.8-88.9) and 97.7% (96.1-99.4) according to the WHO, NCEP ATP III, IDF and the Harmonized definitions, respectively. The Kappa statistics demonstrated a slight to substantial agreement between the definitions (k = 0.179-0.875, p k = 0.875, p hest specificity (100%) in identifying MetS. In conclusion, the new Harmonized criteria established the highest prevalence of MetS among the four definitions applied. There was a very good concordance between the WHO and NCEP ATP III criteria. The extremely high prevalence of MetS observed in type 2 diabetic patients indicates an impending pandemic of CVD risk in Malaysia. Aggressive treatment of MetS components is required to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM.
文摘In previous papers, we proposed the important Ztransformations and obtained general solutions to a large number of linear and quasi-linear partial differential equations for the first time. In this paper, we will use the Z1transformation to get the general solutions of some nonlinear partial differential equations for the first time, and use the general solutions to obtain the exact solutions of some typical definite solution problems.
文摘This article discusses the definitions,classifications and features of consonants and vowels by listing different varieties of languages as examples.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2021RC202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51738002)
文摘This paper presents the analytical solutions for the responses of tunnels excavated in rock masses exhibiting strain-softening behavior. Since previous analyses give little consideration to the effect of the intermediate principal stress on the strain-softening rock behavior, the unified strength theory was introduced to analyze the tunnel response. Four cases of different definitions of the elastic strain in the softening and residual regions, used in the existing solutions, were considered. The tunnel displacements,stresses, radii of the softening and residual zones and critical stresses were deduced. The proposed solutions were verified by comparing with numerical simulations, model tests and existing solutions. Furthermore, the solutions of the four cases were compared with each other to investigate the influence of the elastic strain expressions on the tunnel responses. The results showed that the intermediate principal stress coefficient b has a significant effect on the tunnel displacements, stress fields, and plastic radii. Parametric studies were performed to analyze the influences of the softening and residual dilatancy coefficients,softening modulus and residual strength on the tunnel responses. The parametric analysis indicated that the existing models should be carefully evaluated in the analysis of tunnels constructed through average-quality rocks;the proposed solutions outperformed the existing models in solving the mentioned problem.
文摘This paper addresses the issue of search of definitions. Specifically, for a given term, we are to find out its definition candidates and rank the candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. This is in contrast to the traditional methods of either generating a single combined definition or outputting all retrieved definitions. Definition ranking is essential for tasks. A specification for judging the goodness of a definition is given. In the specification, a definition is categorized into one of the three levels： good definition, indifferent definition, or bad definition. Methods of performing definition ranking are also proposed in this paper, which formalize the problem as either classification or ordinal regression. We employ SVM （Support Vector Machines） as the classification model and Ranking SVM as the ordinal regression model respectively, and thus they rank definition candidates according to their likelihood of being good definitions. Features for constructing the SVM and Ranking SVM models are defined, which represent the characteristics of terms, definition candidate, and their relationship. Experimental results indicate that the use of SVM and Ranking SVM can significantly outperform the baseline methods such as heuristic rules, the conventional information retrieval--Okapi, or SVM regression. This is true when both the answers are paragraphs and they are sentences. Experimental results also show that SVM or Ranking SVM models trained in one domain can be adapted to another domain, indicating that generic models for definition ranking can be constructed.
