Deformation characteristics of the dextral Dashankou ductile shear zone , parallel to the Tongbo-Dabie Orogenic Belt and regional stretching lineation patterns within the blueschist belt in Northern Hubei , China , ar...Deformation characteristics of the dextral Dashankou ductile shear zone , parallel to the Tongbo-Dabie Orogenic Belt and regional stretching lineation patterns within the blueschist belt in Northern Hubei , China , are examined at various scales , respectively . The new data , combined with those obtained in the Wudangshan area , indicate a transpressive deformation involving a WNW directed nearly horizontal shearing accompanied by shortening across the orogenic belt . A kinematic model is proposed for development of the deformation within the Tongboshan segment . Based on these findings it can be seen that the convergence and collision between the North China Craton and the Yangtze Craton may locally be oblique during the Proterozoic Jinningian Orogeny . This oblique collision is probably related to a certain extent to the shapes of the older craton margins .展开更多
The Changning - Menglian belt , located between the Baoshan - Gengma massif and the Simao - Lincang massif in Western Yunnan , preserves the complete record of a suture zone and the most continuous record of deep wate...The Changning - Menglian belt , located between the Baoshan - Gengma massif and the Simao - Lincang massif in Western Yunnan , preserves the complete record of a suture zone and the most continuous record of deep water sedimentation , representing the main branch of the Palaeo - Tethys polyisland ocean in the Hercynian - Indo-sinian stage .This belt could be further subdivided into three tectono - lithofacies zones . In the east zone , terrigenous elastics , argillaceous ,marl-argillaceous and silicate sedi-ments lie on the metamorphosed Early Palaeozoic base ment in concealed unconformity , representing deep water sediments on a passive continental margin . The central zone , although the basement rocks are absent from outcropping here , includes a contemporary complex of various sedimentary types , among them one type is of deep ocean sediments represented by radiolarian bedded chert , appearing from at least early Early Devonian to the Middle Triassic . Another type includes pure carbonates of the Early Carboniferous to the Late Permian , a type of shallow water carbonate platform on seamount or oceanic plateau within an ocean basin . In the west zone , the Permo - Carboniferous terrigenous elastics , argillaceous and silicate sediments appear again -representing the passive continental slope sedimentation in the east of the Baoshan - Gengma massif .As the Permo-Carboniferous rock types,sedimentary environments and palaeontological characters of the east and west zones are quite similar , we hold that these two zones were originally formed all on the eastern continental slope of the Baoshan - Gengma massif , and were separated due to eastward thrust later in the Indosinian orogeny . Intense thrust compacting also resulted in tectonic melange in the central zone , which is displayed by shallow water carbonates overlapping on or embedded in deep water volcanics . In the Lancangjiang belt , the Permo - Carboniferous are very complicated in sedimentary types which include island arc volcanics , deep water turbidites, silicolites and shallow water carbonates , representing the active continental margin in the west of the Simao massif. Whether there existed by Early Permi an, a Lincang magma tic arc still awaits further evidence . From the Late Permian,both the Changning-Meng-lian belt and the Lancangjiang belt experienced important sedimentary and volanic events which took place contemporaneously or penecontemporaneously but with different characters . Evidence for the Lincang magmatic arc began to be apparent , and the turbidite deep water basin in the Lancangjiang belt closed . Nevertheless , the Palaeo - Tethys oceanic basin , represented by the Changning - Menglian suture zone , existed until the Mid-dle Triassic . In the Late Triassic . massifs of Baoshan -Gengma ,Simao - Lincang ,collided and aggregated ,resulting in the disappearance of the Palaeo - Tethys ocean .展开更多
The countries throughout the Belt and Road region account for more than 60%of the world’s population and half of the global economy.Future changes in this area will have significant influences on the global economic ...The countries throughout the Belt and Road region account for more than 60%of the world’s population and half of the global economy.Future changes in this area will have significant influences on the global economic growth,industrial structure and resource allocation.In this study,the proportion of the urban population to the total population and the gross domestic product were used to represent the levels of urbanization and economic development,respectively.The population,urbanization and economic levels of the Belt and Road countries for 2020-2050 were projected under the framework of the IPCC's shared socioeconomic pathways(SSPs),and the following conclusions are drawn.(1)The population,urbanization and economic levels in the Belt and Road region will likely increase under all five pathways.The population will increase by 2%-8%/10a during 2020-2050 and reach 5.0-6.0 billion in 2050.Meanwhile,the urbanization rate will increase by 1.4%-7.5%/10a and reach 49%-75%.The GDP will increase by 17%-34%/10a and reach 134-243 trillion USD.(2)Large differences will appear under different scenarios.The SSP1 and SSP5 pathways demonstrate relatively high urbanization and economic levels,but the population size is comparatively smaller;SSP3 shows the opposite trend.Meanwhile,the economy develops slowly under SSP4,but it has a relatively high urbanization level,while SSP2 exhibits an intermediate trend.(3)In 2050,the population will increase relative to 2016 in most countries,and population size in the fastest growing country in Central Asia and the Middle East countries will be more than double.Urbanization will develop rapidly in South Asia,West Asia and Central Asia,and will increase by more than 150%in the fastest growing countries.The economy will grow fastest in South Asia,Southeast Asia and West Asia,and increase by more than 10 times in some counties with rapid economic development.展开更多
The Dongfang 13-1 is located in the diapiric structure belt of the Yinggehai Basin. The formation pressure of its main gas res- ervoir in the Miocene Huangliu Formation is up to 54.6 MPa （pressure coefficient=l.91） ...The Dongfang 13-1 is located in the diapiric structure belt of the Yinggehai Basin. The formation pressure of its main gas res- ervoir in the Miocene Huangliu Formation is up to 54.6 MPa （pressure coefficient=l.91） and the temperature is as high as 143°C （geothermal gradient 4.36°C/100 m）, indicating that it is a typical high-temperature and overpressured gas reservoir. The natural gas is interpreted to be coal-type gas derived from the Miocene mature source rocks containing type Ⅱ2-Ⅲ kero- gens as evidenced by high dryness index of up to 0.98 and heavy carbon isotopes, i.e., the δ13C2 ranging from -30.76%o to -37.52%o and δ13C2 ranging from -25.02%o to -25.62%o. The high temperature and overpressured Miocene petroleum system is related mainly to diapir in the Yinggehai Basin and contains more pore water in the overpressured reservoirs due to under- compaction process. The experimental and calculated results show that the solubility of natural gas in formation water is as high as 10.5 m3/m3 under the temperature and pressure conditions of the Sanya Formation, indicating that at least part of the gas may migrate in the form of water-soluble phase. Meanwhile, the abundant gas source in the Basin makes it possible for the rapid saturation of natural gas in formation water and exsolution of soluble gas. Therefore, the main elements controlling formation of the Dongfang 13-1 gas pool include that （1） the diapir activities and accompanying changes in temperature and pressure accelerate the water-soluble gas exsolution and release a lot of free gas; （2） submarine fan fine sandstone in the Huangliu Formation provides good gas-water segregation and accumulation space; and （3） the overlying overpressured mud rocks act as effective caps. The accumulation mechanism reveals that the high temperatural and high pressure structure belt near the diapir structures has a good potential for large and medium-sized gas field exploration.展开更多
This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms ...This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms of elite interviews and secondary sources such as journals articles. This theory-guided empirical research has identified two sets of challenges, internal and external, that the economic corridor faces. Broadly, the challenges range from economic slow- down, political instability, religious extremism and terrorism that have taken toll of Pakistani economy, society and the state. The paper has provided policy input in terms of urging Pakistani government to reform its educational system and correct political instability along with targeting all types of militant organizations. More- over, the study urges China to engage regional stakeholders in CPEC to realize regional and trans-regional connectivity to achieve economic integration of the market.展开更多
文摘Deformation characteristics of the dextral Dashankou ductile shear zone , parallel to the Tongbo-Dabie Orogenic Belt and regional stretching lineation patterns within the blueschist belt in Northern Hubei , China , are examined at various scales , respectively . The new data , combined with those obtained in the Wudangshan area , indicate a transpressive deformation involving a WNW directed nearly horizontal shearing accompanied by shortening across the orogenic belt . A kinematic model is proposed for development of the deformation within the Tongboshan segment . Based on these findings it can be seen that the convergence and collision between the North China Craton and the Yangtze Craton may locally be oblique during the Proterozoic Jinningian Orogeny . This oblique collision is probably related to a certain extent to the shapes of the older craton margins .
文摘The Changning - Menglian belt , located between the Baoshan - Gengma massif and the Simao - Lincang massif in Western Yunnan , preserves the complete record of a suture zone and the most continuous record of deep water sedimentation , representing the main branch of the Palaeo - Tethys polyisland ocean in the Hercynian - Indo-sinian stage .This belt could be further subdivided into three tectono - lithofacies zones . In the east zone , terrigenous elastics , argillaceous ,marl-argillaceous and silicate sedi-ments lie on the metamorphosed Early Palaeozoic base ment in concealed unconformity , representing deep water sediments on a passive continental margin . The central zone , although the basement rocks are absent from outcropping here , includes a contemporary complex of various sedimentary types , among them one type is of deep ocean sediments represented by radiolarian bedded chert , appearing from at least early Early Devonian to the Middle Triassic . Another type includes pure carbonates of the Early Carboniferous to the Late Permian , a type of shallow water carbonate platform on seamount or oceanic plateau within an ocean basin . In the west zone , the Permo - Carboniferous terrigenous elastics , argillaceous and silicate sediments appear again -representing the passive continental slope sedimentation in the east of the Baoshan - Gengma massif .As the Permo-Carboniferous rock types,sedimentary environments and palaeontological characters of the east and west zones are quite similar , we hold that these two zones were originally formed all on the eastern continental slope of the Baoshan - Gengma massif , and were separated due to eastward thrust later in the Indosinian orogeny . Intense thrust compacting also resulted in tectonic melange in the central zone , which is displayed by shallow water carbonates overlapping on or embedded in deep water volcanics . In the Lancangjiang belt , the Permo - Carboniferous are very complicated in sedimentary types which include island arc volcanics , deep water turbidites, silicolites and shallow water carbonates , representing the active continental margin in the west of the Simao massif. Whether there existed by Early Permi an, a Lincang magma tic arc still awaits further evidence . From the Late Permian,both the Changning-Meng-lian belt and the Lancangjiang belt experienced important sedimentary and volanic events which took place contemporaneously or penecontemporaneously but with different characters . Evidence for the Lincang magmatic arc began to be apparent , and the turbidite deep water basin in the Lancangjiang belt closed . Nevertheless , the Palaeo - Tethys oceanic basin , represented by the Changning - Menglian suture zone , existed until the Mid-dle Triassic . In the Late Triassic . massifs of Baoshan -Gengma ,Simao - Lincang ,collided and aggregated ,resulting in the disappearance of the Palaeo - Tethys ocean .
文摘The countries throughout the Belt and Road region account for more than 60%of the world’s population and half of the global economy.Future changes in this area will have significant influences on the global economic growth,industrial structure and resource allocation.In this study,the proportion of the urban population to the total population and the gross domestic product were used to represent the levels of urbanization and economic development,respectively.The population,urbanization and economic levels of the Belt and Road countries for 2020-2050 were projected under the framework of the IPCC's shared socioeconomic pathways(SSPs),and the following conclusions are drawn.(1)The population,urbanization and economic levels in the Belt and Road region will likely increase under all five pathways.The population will increase by 2%-8%/10a during 2020-2050 and reach 5.0-6.0 billion in 2050.Meanwhile,the urbanization rate will increase by 1.4%-7.5%/10a and reach 49%-75%.The GDP will increase by 17%-34%/10a and reach 134-243 trillion USD.(2)Large differences will appear under different scenarios.The SSP1 and SSP5 pathways demonstrate relatively high urbanization and economic levels,but the population size is comparatively smaller;SSP3 shows the opposite trend.Meanwhile,the economy develops slowly under SSP4,but it has a relatively high urbanization level,while SSP2 exhibits an intermediate trend.(3)In 2050,the population will increase relative to 2016 in most countries,and population size in the fastest growing country in Central Asia and the Middle East countries will be more than double.Urbanization will develop rapidly in South Asia,West Asia and Central Asia,and will increase by more than 150%in the fastest growing countries.The economy will grow fastest in South Asia,Southeast Asia and West Asia,and increase by more than 10 times in some counties with rapid economic development.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of China(Grant No.2011ZX05023-004)
文摘The Dongfang 13-1 is located in the diapiric structure belt of the Yinggehai Basin. The formation pressure of its main gas res- ervoir in the Miocene Huangliu Formation is up to 54.6 MPa （pressure coefficient=l.91） and the temperature is as high as 143°C （geothermal gradient 4.36°C/100 m）, indicating that it is a typical high-temperature and overpressured gas reservoir. The natural gas is interpreted to be coal-type gas derived from the Miocene mature source rocks containing type Ⅱ2-Ⅲ kero- gens as evidenced by high dryness index of up to 0.98 and heavy carbon isotopes, i.e., the δ13C2 ranging from -30.76%o to -37.52%o and δ13C2 ranging from -25.02%o to -25.62%o. The high temperature and overpressured Miocene petroleum system is related mainly to diapir in the Yinggehai Basin and contains more pore water in the overpressured reservoirs due to under- compaction process. The experimental and calculated results show that the solubility of natural gas in formation water is as high as 10.5 m3/m3 under the temperature and pressure conditions of the Sanya Formation, indicating that at least part of the gas may migrate in the form of water-soluble phase. Meanwhile, the abundant gas source in the Basin makes it possible for the rapid saturation of natural gas in formation water and exsolution of soluble gas. Therefore, the main elements controlling formation of the Dongfang 13-1 gas pool include that （1） the diapir activities and accompanying changes in temperature and pressure accelerate the water-soluble gas exsolution and release a lot of free gas; （2） submarine fan fine sandstone in the Huangliu Formation provides good gas-water segregation and accumulation space; and （3） the overlying overpressured mud rocks act as effective caps. The accumulation mechanism reveals that the high temperatural and high pressure structure belt near the diapir structures has a good potential for large and medium-sized gas field exploration.
文摘This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms of elite interviews and secondary sources such as journals articles. This theory-guided empirical research has identified two sets of challenges, internal and external, that the economic corridor faces. Broadly, the challenges range from economic slow- down, political instability, religious extremism and terrorism that have taken toll of Pakistani economy, society and the state. The paper has provided policy input in terms of urging Pakistani government to reform its educational system and correct political instability along with targeting all types of militant organizations. More- over, the study urges China to engage regional stakeholders in CPEC to realize regional and trans-regional connectivity to achieve economic integration of the market.
