The measurement of atmospheric water vapor （WV） content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Gl...The measurement of atmospheric water vapor （WV） content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Global Positioning System （GPS） has become available, which can routinely achieve accuracies for integrated WV content of 1-2 kg/m2. Some experimental work has shown that the accuracy of WV measurements from a moving platform is comparable to that of （static） land-based receivers. Extending this technique into the marine environment on a moving platform would be greatly beneficial for many aspects of meteorological research, such as the calibration of satellite data, investigation of the air-sea interface, as well as forecasting and climatological studies. In this study, kinematic precise point positioning has been developed to investigate WV in the Arctic Ocean （80°-87°N） and annual variations are obtained for 2008 and 2012 that are identical to those related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.展开更多
High frequency multi-GNSS zero-difference applications like Precise Orbit Determination （POD） for Low Earth Orbiters （LEO） and high frequency kinematic positioning require corresponding high-rate GNSS clock correc...High frequency multi-GNSS zero-difference applications like Precise Orbit Determination （POD） for Low Earth Orbiters （LEO） and high frequency kinematic positioning require corresponding high-rate GNSS clock corrections. The determination of the GNSS clocks in the orbit determination process is time consuming, especially in tile combined GPS/GLONASS pro- cessing. At present, a large number of IGS Analysis Centers （AC） provide clock corrections in 5-rain sampling and only a few ACs provide clocks in 30-s sampling for both GPS and GLONASS. In this paper, an efficient epoch-difference GNSS clock determination algorithm is adopted based on the algorithm used by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe （CODE）. The clock determination procedure of the GNSS Analysis Center at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory （SHAO） and the algorithm is described in detail. It is shown that the approach greatly speeds up the processing, and the densified 30-s clocks have the same quality as the 5-rain clocks estimated based on a zero-difference solution. Comparing the densified 30-s GNSS clocks provided by SHAO with that of IGS and its ACs, results show that our 30-s GNSS clocks are of the same quality as that of 1GS. Allan deviation also gives the same conclusion. Further validation of the SHAO 30-s clock product is performed in kine- matic PPP and LEO POD. Results indicate that the positions have the same accuracy when using SHAO 30-s GNSS clocks or IGS （and its AC） finals. The robustness of the algorithm and processing approach ensure its extension to provide clocks in 5-s or even higher frequencies. The implementation of the new approach is simple and it could be delivered as a black-box to the current scientific software packages.展开更多
基金Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programmes under contract Nos CHINARE2013-03-03 and CHINARE 2013-04-03the National Oceanic Commonweal Research Project under contract No.201105001the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41374043
文摘The measurement of atmospheric water vapor （WV） content and variability is important for meteorological and climatological research. A technique for the remote sensing of atmospheric WV content using ground-based Global Positioning System （GPS） has become available, which can routinely achieve accuracies for integrated WV content of 1-2 kg/m2. Some experimental work has shown that the accuracy of WV measurements from a moving platform is comparable to that of （static） land-based receivers. Extending this technique into the marine environment on a moving platform would be greatly beneficial for many aspects of meteorological research, such as the calibration of satellite data, investigation of the air-sea interface, as well as forecasting and climatological studies. In this study, kinematic precise point positioning has been developed to investigate WV in the Arctic Ocean （80°-87°N） and annual variations are obtained for 2008 and 2012 that are identical to those related to the enhanced greenhouse effect.
基金supported by the Program of"One Hundred Talented People"of the Chinese Academy of Sciencesthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11273046,11173049 and 40974018)+1 种基金the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2013AA122402)IGS community is acknowledged for providing Rinex data and orbit and clock products
文摘High frequency multi-GNSS zero-difference applications like Precise Orbit Determination （POD） for Low Earth Orbiters （LEO） and high frequency kinematic positioning require corresponding high-rate GNSS clock corrections. The determination of the GNSS clocks in the orbit determination process is time consuming, especially in tile combined GPS/GLONASS pro- cessing. At present, a large number of IGS Analysis Centers （AC） provide clock corrections in 5-rain sampling and only a few ACs provide clocks in 30-s sampling for both GPS and GLONASS. In this paper, an efficient epoch-difference GNSS clock determination algorithm is adopted based on the algorithm used by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe （CODE）. The clock determination procedure of the GNSS Analysis Center at Shanghai Astronomical Observatory （SHAO） and the algorithm is described in detail. It is shown that the approach greatly speeds up the processing, and the densified 30-s clocks have the same quality as the 5-rain clocks estimated based on a zero-difference solution. Comparing the densified 30-s GNSS clocks provided by SHAO with that of IGS and its ACs, results show that our 30-s GNSS clocks are of the same quality as that of 1GS. Allan deviation also gives the same conclusion. Further validation of the SHAO 30-s clock product is performed in kine- matic PPP and LEO POD. Results indicate that the positions have the same accuracy when using SHAO 30-s GNSS clocks or IGS （and its AC） finals. The robustness of the algorithm and processing approach ensure its extension to provide clocks in 5-s or even higher frequencies. The implementation of the new approach is simple and it could be delivered as a black-box to the current scientific software packages.
