Numerical simulation is employed to investigate the initial state of avalanche in polydisperse particle systems.Nucleation and propagation processes are illustrated for pentadisperse and triadisperse particle systems,...Numerical simulation is employed to investigate the initial state of avalanche in polydisperse particle systems.Nucleation and propagation processes are illustrated for pentadisperse and triadisperse particle systems,respectively.In these processes,particles involved in the avalanche grow slowly in the early stage and explosively in the later stage,which is clearly different from the continuous and steady growth trend in the monodisperse system.By examining the avalanche propagation,the number growth of particles involved in the avalanche and the slope of the number growth,the initial state can be divided into three stages:T1(nucleation stage),T2(propagation stage),T3(overall avalanche stage).We focus on the characteristics of the avalanche in the T2 stage,and find that propagation distances increase almost linearly in both axial and radial directions in polydisperse systems.We also consider the distribution characteristics of the average coordination number and average velocity for the moving particles.The results support that the polydisperse particle systems are more stable in the T2 stage.展开更多
The Reynolds-averaged general dynamic equation(RAGDE)for the nanoparticle size distribution function is derived,including the contribution to particle coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration.The equat...The Reynolds-averaged general dynamic equation(RAGDE)for the nanoparticle size distribution function is derived,including the contribution to particle coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration.The equation together with that of a turbulent gas flow is solved numerically in the turbulent flow of a ventilation chamber with a jet on the wall based on the proposed model relating the fluctuating coagulation to the gradient of mean concentration.Some results are compared with the experimental data.The results show that the proposed model relating the fluctuating coagulation to the gradient of mean concentration is reasonable,and it is necessary to consider the contribution to coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration in such a flow.The changes of the particle number concentration M_(0) and the geometric mean diameter dg are more obvious in the core area of the jet,but less obvious in other areas.With the increase in the initial particle number concentration m00,the values of M_(0) and the standard deviation of the particle sizeσdecrease,but the value of d_(g) increases.The decrease in the initial particle diameter leads to the reduction of M_(0) andσand the increase in d_(g).With the increase in the Reynolds number,particles have few chances of collision,and hence the coagulation rate is reduced,leading to the increase in M_(0) andσand the decrease in d_(g).展开更多
Radiative transfer simulations and remote sensing studies fundamentally require accurate and efficient computation of the optical properties of non-spherical particles.This paper proposes a deep learning(DL)scheme in ...Radiative transfer simulations and remote sensing studies fundamentally require accurate and efficient computation of the optical properties of non-spherical particles.This paper proposes a deep learning(DL)scheme in conjunction with an optical property database to achieve this goal.Deep neural network(DNN)architectures were obtained from a dataset of the optical properties of super-spheroids with extensive shape parameters,size parameters,and refractive indices.The dataset was computed through the invariant imbedding T-matrix method.Four separate DNN architectures were created to compute the extinction efficiency factor,single-scattering albedo,asymmetry factor,and phase matrix.The criterion for designing these neural networks was the achievement of the highest prediction accuracy with minimal DNN parameters.The numerical results demonstrate that the determination coefficients are greater than 0.999 between the prediction values from the neural networks and the truth values from the database,which indicates that the DNN can reproduce the optical properties in the dataset with high accuracy.In addition,the DNN model can robustly predict the optical properties of particles with high accuracy for shape parameters or refractive indices that are unavailable in the database.Importantly,the ratio of the database size(~127 GB)to that of the DNN parameters(~20 MB)is approximately 6810,implying that the DNN model can be treated as a highly compressed database that can be used as an alternative to the original database for real-time computing of the optical properties of non-spherical particles in radiative transfer and atmospheric models.展开更多
The stone chip resistance performance of automotive coatings has attracted increasing attention in academic and industrial communities.Even though traditional gravelometer tests can be used to evaluate stone chip resi...The stone chip resistance performance of automotive coatings has attracted increasing attention in academic and industrial communities.Even though traditional gravelometer tests can be used to evaluate stone chip resistance of automotive coatings,such experiment-based methods suffer from poor repeatability and high cost.The main purpose of this work is to develop a CFD-DEM-wear coupling method to accurately and efficiently simulate stone chipbehaviorof automotive coatings inagravelometer test.Toachieve this end,an approach coupling an unresolved computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method and a discrete element method(DEM)are employed to account for interactions between fluids and large particles.In order to accurately describe large particles,a rigid connection particle method is proposed.In doing so,each actual non-spherical particle can be approximately described by rigidly connecting a group of non-overlapping spheres,and particle-fluid interactions are simulated based on each component sphere.An erosion wear model is used to calculate the impact damage of coatings based on particlecoating interactions.Single spherical particle tests are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed rigid connection particle method under various air pressure conditions.Then,the developed CFD-DEM-wear model is applied to reproduce the stone chip behavior of two standard tests,i.e.,DIN 55996-1 and SAE-J400-2002 tests.Numerical results are found to be in good agreement with experimental data,which demonstrates the capacity of our developed method in stone chip resistance evaluation.Finally,parametric studies are conducted to numerically investigate the influences of initial velocity and test panel orientation on impact damage of automotive coatings.展开更多
Fluidized beds are widely used in many industrial fields such as petroleum,chemical and energy.In actual industrial processes,spherical inert particles are typically added to the fluidized bed to promote fluidization ...Fluidized beds are widely used in many industrial fields such as petroleum,chemical and energy.In actual industrial processes,spherical inert particles are typically added to the fluidized bed to promote fluidization of non-spherical particles.Understanding mixing behaviors of binary mixtures in a fluidized bed has specific significance for the design and optimization of related industrial processes.In this study,the computational fluid dynamic-discrete element method with the consideration of rolling friction was applied to evaluate the mixing behaviors of binary mixtures comprising spherocylindrical particles and spherical particles in a fluidized bed.The simulation results indicate that the differences between rotational particle velocities were higher than those of translational particle velocities for spherical and non-spherical particles when well mixed.Moreover,as the volume fraction of the spherocylindrical particles increases,translational and rotational granular temperatures gradually increase.In addition,the addition of the spherical particles makes the spherocylindrical particles preferably distributed in a vertical orientation.展开更多
In this study,the installation of an airlift pump with inner diameter of 102 mm and length of 5.64 m was utilized to consider the conveying process of non-spherical coal particles with density of 1340 kg/m3 and graini...In this study,the installation of an airlift pump with inner diameter of 102 mm and length of 5.64 m was utilized to consider the conveying process of non-spherical coal particles with density of 1340 kg/m3 and graining 25-44.5 mm.The test results revealed that the magnitude of increase in the solid transport rate due to the changes in the three tested parameters between compressed air velocity,submergence ratio,and feeding coal possibility was not the same,which are stand in range of 20%,75%,and 40%,respectively.Hence,creating the optimal airlift pump performance is highly dependent on submergence ratio.More importantly,we measured the solid volume fraction using the method of one-way valves in order to minimize the disadvantages of conventional devices,such as fast speed camera and conductivity ring sensor.The results confirmed that the volume fraction of the solid phase in the transfer process was always less than 12%.To validate present experimental data,the existing empirical correlations together with the theoretical equations related to the multiphase flow was used.The overall agreement between the theory and experimental solid delivery results was particularly good instead of the first stage of conveying process.This drawback can be corrected by omitting the role of friction and shear stress at low air income velocity.It was also found that the model developed by Kalenik failed to predict the performance of our airlift operation in terms of the mass flow rate of the coal particles.展开更多
Flow behaviors of four kinds of granular particles(i.e. sphere,ellipsoid,hexahedron and binary mixture of sphere and hexahedron) in rectangular hoppers were experimentally studied. The effects of granular shape and ho...Flow behaviors of four kinds of granular particles(i.e. sphere,ellipsoid,hexahedron and binary mixture of sphere and hexahedron) in rectangular hoppers were experimentally studied. The effects of granular shape and hopper structure on flow pattern,discharge fraction,mean particle residence time and tracer concentration distribu-tion were tested based on the visual observation and particle tracer technique. The results show that particle shape affects significantly the flow pattern. The flow patterns of sphere,ellipsoid and binary mixture are all parabolic shape,and the flow pattern shows no significant difference with the change of wedge angle. The flowing zone be-comes more sharp-angled with the increasing outlet size. The flow pattern of hexahedron is featured with straight lines. The discharge rates are in increasing order from hexahedron,sphere,binary mixture to ellipsoid. The dis-charge rate also increases with the wedge angle and outlet size. The mean particle residence time becomes shorter when the outlet size increases. The difference of mean particle residence time between the maximum and minimum values decreases as the wedge angle increases. The residence time of hexahedron is the shortest. The tracer concen-tration distribution of hexahedron at any height is more uniform than that of binary mixture. The tracer concentra-tion of sphere in the middle is lower than that near the wall,and the contrary tendency is found for ellipsoid particles.展开更多
Fluidization of non-spherical particles is very common in petroleum engineering.Understanding the complex phenomenon of non-spherical particle flow is of great significance.In this paper,coupled with two-fluid model,t...Fluidization of non-spherical particles is very common in petroleum engineering.Understanding the complex phenomenon of non-spherical particle flow is of great significance.In this paper,coupled with two-fluid model,the drag coefficient correlation based on artificial neural network was applied in the simulations of a bubbling fluidized bed filled with non-spherical particles.The simulation results were compared with the experimental data from the literature.Good agreement between the experimental data and the simulation results reveals that the modified drag model can accurately capture the interaction between the gas phase and solid phase.Then,several cases of different particles,including tetrahedron,cube,and sphere,together with the nylon beads used in the model validation,were employed in the simulations to study the effect of particle shape on the flow behaviors in the bubbling fluidized bed.Particle shape affects the hydrodynamics of non-spherical particles mainly on microscale.This work can be a basis and reference for the utilization of artificial neural network in the investigation of drag coefficient correlation in the dense gas-solid two-phase flow.Moreover,the proposed drag coefficient correlation provides one more option when investigating the hydrodynamics of non-spherical particles in the gas-solid fluidized bed.展开更多
Employing multiple scattering formulation of T-matrix method, numerical simulations are developed and applied to polarized scattering from random clusters of spatially-oriented, non-spherical particles. Polarized scat...Employing multiple scattering formulation of T-matrix method, numerical simulations are developed and applied to polarized scattering from random clusters of spatially-oriented, non-spherical particles. Polarized scattering is numerically presented for the functional dependence on particle shape, size, spatial distribution and orientation, and other physical parameters. Numerical calculations of backscattering from randomly clustered particles are well compared with that from independent particles and clusters. It can be seen that spatial distribution and orientation of non-spherical particles can have significant effect on scattering.展开更多
A comparison of sphericity and Zingg factor for particle morphology and description of fluidized-bed dynamics are presented. It is found that Zingg factor Fz = LH/B2 （where L, H and B are, respectively, the length, b...A comparison of sphericity and Zingg factor for particle morphology and description of fluidized-bed dynamics are presented. It is found that Zingg factor Fz = LH/B2 （where L, H and B are, respectively, the length, breadth and height of a particle） well describes the effect of particle morphology. Experimental results show that non-spherical particles give poor fluidizing quality as compared to spherical particles in terms of pressure drop, Umf, etc. With the same volume-equivalent diameter, non-spherical particles have lower Umf and fluidizing coefficient 8. Some smooth curves have been obtained between the parameters 8, Umf and Fz. The quality of fluidization could be evaluated by fluidizing coefficient, which has been correlated to the Zingg factor and minimum fluidizing velocity in this paper.展开更多
Solid-particle settling occurs in many natural and industrial processes, such as in the transportation of drilling cuttings and fracturing proppant. Knowledge of the drag coefficient and settling velocity of cuttings ...Solid-particle settling occurs in many natural and industrial processes, such as in the transportation of drilling cuttings and fracturing proppant. Knowledge of the drag coefficient and settling velocity of cuttings and proppant is of significance to hydraulics design, wellbore cleanout, and fracture optimization. We conducted 553 tests to investigate the settling characteristics of spherical and non-spherical particles in power-law fluids. Three major particle shapes (spherical, cubic, and cylindrical) and eight different particle sphericities were used to simulate cuttings and proppant, and power-law fluids were applied to simulate drilling and fracturing fluids. Based on the data analysis, a new drag coefficient-particle Reynolds number correlation was developed to determine the drag coefficient in a power-law fluid for spherical and non-spherical particles. The drag coefficient increases as the sphericity decreases for the same particle Reynolds number. For a specific particle shape, the drag coefficient decreases as the particle Reynolds number increases, but the decreasing trend is reduced at high particle Reynolds number conditions. An explicit settling-velocity equation was proposed to calculate the settling velocity of spherical and non-spherical particles in power-law fluids by considering the effect of sphericity. A suitable range for the proposed model is 0.0001 < Re <200, 0.471 <φ< 1, and 0.505 < n < 1. An illustrative example is presented to show how to calculate the drag coefficient and settling velocity in power-law fluids with given particle and fluid properties.展开更多
Screw conveyors are extensively used in modern industry such as metallurgy,architecture and pharmaceutical due to their high-efficiency in the transportation of granular materials.And substantial efforts have been dev...Screw conveyors are extensively used in modern industry such as metallurgy,architecture and pharmaceutical due to their high-efficiency in the transportation of granular materials.And substantial efforts have been devoted to the study of the screw conveyors.Numerical method is an effective way to study screw conveyor.However,previous studies have mainly focused in the regime of spherical particles while the in-depth investigations for non-spherical particles that should be the most encountered in practical applications are still limited.In view of the above situations,discrete element method(DEM),which has been widely accepted in simulating the discrete systems,is utilized to investigate the conveying process of non-spherical particles in a horizontal screw conveyor,with particles being modeled by super-ellipsoids.In addition,a wear model called SIEM(Shear Impact Energy Model)is incorporated into DEM to predict the wear of screw conveyor.The DEM simulation results demonstrate that the particle shape is influential for the flow behaviors of particles and the wear of conveyor.The conveying performance evaluated quantitatively of both mass flow rate and power consumption is subsequently obtained to investigate the effect of sphericity of particle with different operation parameters.Moreover,particle collision frequency and collision energy consumption are acquired to investigate the possible particle breakage between particles and screw blade.The comparisons between particle-particle collision and particle-wall collision reveal that particles with large shape index have more possibility to be damaged in particle-wall impingement.展开更多
We investigated the deposition pattern of microparticles with different particle diameters, shape factors, and initial flow conditions in a realistic human upper respiratory tract model. We identified a close relation...We investigated the deposition pattern of microparticles with different particle diameters, shape factors, and initial flow conditions in a realistic human upper respiratory tract model. We identified a close relationship between the deposition fraction and the particle shape factor. The deposition fraction of the particles decreased sharply with increasing particle shape factor because of the decreasing drag force. We also found that the deposition varied at different positions in the upper respiratory tract. At low shape factors, the highest fraction of particles deposited at the mouth and pharynx. However, with increasing shape factor, the deposition fraction in the trachea and lungs increased. Moreover, for a given shape factor, larger particles deposited at the mouth and pharynx, which indicates that the deposition fraction of microparticles in the human upper respiratory tract is affected first and foremost by particle inertia as well as by the drag force.展开更多
The shape of an aluminum particle is assumed to be spherical or an equivalent sphere during the combustion process.Such an assumption lacks objectivity and leads to unreasonable approximations of burning efficiency an...The shape of an aluminum particle is assumed to be spherical or an equivalent sphere during the combustion process.Such an assumption lacks objectivity and leads to unreasonable approximations of burning efficiency and performance.To investigate the influence of non-spherical particles on burning behavior,this study focused on a theoretical and experimental investigation of the combustion of nanoscale aluminum ellipsoidal particles.Models for prolate and oblate spheroids in aluminum combustion were established to explore combustion properties such as mass release rate,linear burning rate,burning rate,and burnout time.To validate the theoretical results,combustion experiments were conducted on three samples.Reasonable agreement between the results of numerical simulation and experimental findings was obtained in terms of the particle burning characteristics.It was found that particle morphology(such as prolate or oblate spheroid shape)and size play a significant role in the combustion performance of nanosized aluminum particles.展开更多
This study develops an extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of the fluid-solid flow with non-spherical particles.The limitation of fluid grid size is discussed,by simulating the settling of a cyl...This study develops an extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of the fluid-solid flow with non-spherical particles.The limitation of fluid grid size is discussed,by simulating the settling of a cylinder in a Newtonian fluid based on the resolved and unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method.Then,the calculation of porosity and the fluid-particle relative velocity based on the particle shape enlarge-ment method for simulation of non-spherical particles is proposed.The availability of the particle shape enlargement method for the simulation of non-spherical particles with different sphericity is discussed in this work,by comparing it with the results from the equivalent diameter enlargement method.The lim-itation of the equivalent diameter enlargement method for non-spherical particles is revealed from the simulation results.Several typical cases are employed to elaborate and verify the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method based on particle shape enlargement method,by presenting a good consistency with the experimental results.It proves that the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method is suitable for differ-ent CFD grid size ratios,and consolidates that it is a universal calculation method for CFD-DEM coupling simulation.展开更多
The discrete element method(DEM)is used to analyze complex practical granular systems;however,the representation of real shapes is an important consideration because behavior of non-spherical particles is unlike that ...The discrete element method(DEM)is used to analyze complex practical granular systems;however,the representation of real shapes is an important consideration because behavior of non-spherical particles is unlike that of spherical particles both individually and collectively.In this study,we use non-uniform rational basis-splines(NURBS)to describe the shapes of non-spherical particles and introduce a contact detection scheme based on quadratic convergence,to simulate the behaviors of elliptical particles.The simulation results are compared with those based on polygons,in terms of the shape description and contact treatment,to demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of NURBS-based DEM.展开更多
The silo discharge of non-spherical particles has been widely practiced in engineering processes, yet the understanding of multi-level mechanisms during solid transportation is still lacking. In this study, a high-fid...The silo discharge of non-spherical particles has been widely practiced in engineering processes, yet the understanding of multi-level mechanisms during solid transportation is still lacking. In this study, a high-fidelity super-ellipsoid Discrete Element Method (DEM) model is established to investigate the discharge behaviors of non-spherical particles with different size distributions. After the comprehensive model validations, we investigated the effects of particle shape (aspect ratio and particle sharpness) on the particle level discharge behaviors. The discharge rates of the ellipsoid particles used in the current work are larger than the spherical particles due to the larger solid fraction. The discharge rates of the cuboid-like particles are determined by the combined effect of the solid fraction and the contact force. Parcel level data show that the translational movements of the ellipsoid particles are more ordered, which is supported by the global level data. Strong correlations exist between the particle level and parcel level data, especially the ellipsoid particles and the large particles in the polydispersed cases.展开更多
In the non-spherical particulate turbulent flows, a set of new fluidfluctuating velocity equations with the non-spherical particle source term were derived, then a newmethod, which treats the slowly varying functions ...In the non-spherical particulate turbulent flows, a set of new fluidfluctuating velocity equations with the non-spherical particle source term were derived, then a newmethod, which treats the slowly varying functions and rapidly varying functions separately, wasproposed to solve the equations, and finally the turbulent intensity and the Reynolds stress of theflu-id were obtained by calculating the fluctuating velocity statlsti-cally. The equations andmethod were used to a paniculate tur-bulent pipe flow. The results show that the turbulent intensityand the Reynolds stress are decreased almost inverse proportion-ally to the fluctuating velocityratio of particle to fluid. Non-spherical particles have a greater suppressing effect on thetur-bulence than the spherical particles. The particles with short re-laxation time reduce theturbulence intensity of fluid, while the particles with long relaxation time increase the turbulenceinten-sity of fluid. For fixed particle and fluid, the small particles sup-press the turbulence andthe large particles increase the turbu-ience.展开更多
The formation of a filter cake during the filtration of a suspension with non-spherical particles is studied using a multi-sphere model in a simulation that couples the discrete element method with computational fluid...The formation of a filter cake during the filtration of a suspension with non-spherical particles is studied using a multi-sphere model in a simulation that couples the discrete element method with computational fluid dynamics.The implementation of the coupling with a drag model that considers orientation,sphericity,and the presence of surrounding particles for non-spherical particles is tested for single particles and suspensions by comparing the terminal velocities with empirical results.Phenomena predicted in the simulations,such as the presence or absence of initial oscillations and changes in the orientation of a particle,are consistent with experimental observations reported in the literature.The variation in the void fraction of a filter cake with respect to the particle sphericity is obtained and compared with experimental trends reported in the literature.Furthermore,complex interdependencies of the particle sphericity,void fraction,and pressure drop of a filter cake for a wide range of fluid conditions are investigated.展开更多
In this paper, the pressure fluctuation in a fluidized bed was measured and processed via standard devia- tion and power spectrum analysis to investigate the dynamic behavior of the transition from the bubbling to tur...In this paper, the pressure fluctuation in a fluidized bed was measured and processed via standard devia- tion and power spectrum analysis to investigate the dynamic behavior of the transition from the bubbling to turbulent regime. Two types （Geldart B and D） of non-spherical particles, screened from real bed materials, and their mixture were used as the bed materials. The experiments were conducted in a semi- industrial testing apparatus. The experimental results indicated that the fluidization characteristics of the non-spherical Geldart D particles differed from that of the spherical particles at gas velocities beyond the transition velocity Uo The standard deviation of the pressure fluctuation measured in the bed increased with the gas velocity, while that measured in the plenum remained constant. Compared to the coarse particles, the fine particles exerted a stronger influence on the dynamic behavior of the fluidized bed and promoted the fluidization regime transition from bubbling toward turbulent. The power spectrum of the pressure fluctuation was calculated using the auto-regressive （AR） model; the hydrodynamics of the flu- idized bed were characterized by the major frequency of the power spectrum of the pressure fluctuation. By combining the standard deviation analysis, a new method was proposed to determine the transition velocity Uk via the analysis of the change in the major frequency. The first major frequency was observed to vary within the range of 1.5 to 3 Hz.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Grant No.2015ASKJ01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11972212,12072200,and 12002213).
文摘Numerical simulation is employed to investigate the initial state of avalanche in polydisperse particle systems.Nucleation and propagation processes are illustrated for pentadisperse and triadisperse particle systems,respectively.In these processes,particles involved in the avalanche grow slowly in the early stage and explosively in the later stage,which is clearly different from the continuous and steady growth trend in the monodisperse system.By examining the avalanche propagation,the number growth of particles involved in the avalanche and the slope of the number growth,the initial state can be divided into three stages:T1(nucleation stage),T2(propagation stage),T3(overall avalanche stage).We focus on the characteristics of the avalanche in the T2 stage,and find that propagation distances increase almost linearly in both axial and radial directions in polydisperse systems.We also consider the distribution characteristics of the average coordination number and average velocity for the moving particles.The results support that the polydisperse particle systems are more stable in the T2 stage.
基金Project supported by the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91852102)。
文摘The Reynolds-averaged general dynamic equation(RAGDE)for the nanoparticle size distribution function is derived,including the contribution to particle coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration.The equation together with that of a turbulent gas flow is solved numerically in the turbulent flow of a ventilation chamber with a jet on the wall based on the proposed model relating the fluctuating coagulation to the gradient of mean concentration.Some results are compared with the experimental data.The results show that the proposed model relating the fluctuating coagulation to the gradient of mean concentration is reasonable,and it is necessary to consider the contribution to coagulation resulting from the fluctuating concentration in such a flow.The changes of the particle number concentration M_(0) and the geometric mean diameter dg are more obvious in the core area of the jet,but less obvious in other areas.With the increase in the initial particle number concentration m00,the values of M_(0) and the standard deviation of the particle sizeσdecrease,but the value of d_(g) increases.The decrease in the initial particle diameter leads to the reduction of M_(0) andσand the increase in d_(g).With the increase in the Reynolds number,particles have few chances of collision,and hence the coagulation rate is reduced,leading to the increase in M_(0) andσand the decrease in d_(g).
基金supported by the NSFC Major Project (Grant Nos. 42090030, and 42090032)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42022038, and 42075155)the National Key Research and Development Program (2019YFC1510400)
文摘Radiative transfer simulations and remote sensing studies fundamentally require accurate and efficient computation of the optical properties of non-spherical particles.This paper proposes a deep learning(DL)scheme in conjunction with an optical property database to achieve this goal.Deep neural network(DNN)architectures were obtained from a dataset of the optical properties of super-spheroids with extensive shape parameters,size parameters,and refractive indices.The dataset was computed through the invariant imbedding T-matrix method.Four separate DNN architectures were created to compute the extinction efficiency factor,single-scattering albedo,asymmetry factor,and phase matrix.The criterion for designing these neural networks was the achievement of the highest prediction accuracy with minimal DNN parameters.The numerical results demonstrate that the determination coefficients are greater than 0.999 between the prediction values from the neural networks and the truth values from the database,which indicates that the DNN can reproduce the optical properties in the dataset with high accuracy.In addition,the DNN model can robustly predict the optical properties of particles with high accuracy for shape parameters or refractive indices that are unavailable in the database.Importantly,the ratio of the database size(~127 GB)to that of the DNN parameters(~20 MB)is approximately 6810,implying that the DNN model can be treated as a highly compressed database that can be used as an alternative to the original database for real-time computing of the optical properties of non-spherical particles in radiative transfer and atmospheric models.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFE0117300)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou(No.201804020065)the Innovation Group Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.311021013).
文摘The stone chip resistance performance of automotive coatings has attracted increasing attention in academic and industrial communities.Even though traditional gravelometer tests can be used to evaluate stone chip resistance of automotive coatings,such experiment-based methods suffer from poor repeatability and high cost.The main purpose of this work is to develop a CFD-DEM-wear coupling method to accurately and efficiently simulate stone chipbehaviorof automotive coatings inagravelometer test.Toachieve this end,an approach coupling an unresolved computational fluid dynamics(CFD)method and a discrete element method(DEM)are employed to account for interactions between fluids and large particles.In order to accurately describe large particles,a rigid connection particle method is proposed.In doing so,each actual non-spherical particle can be approximately described by rigidly connecting a group of non-overlapping spheres,and particle-fluid interactions are simulated based on each component sphere.An erosion wear model is used to calculate the impact damage of coatings based on particlecoating interactions.Single spherical particle tests are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed rigid connection particle method under various air pressure conditions.Then,the developed CFD-DEM-wear model is applied to reproduce the stone chip behavior of two standard tests,i.e.,DIN 55996-1 and SAE-J400-2002 tests.Numerical results are found to be in good agreement with experimental data,which demonstrates the capacity of our developed method in stone chip resistance evaluation.Finally,parametric studies are conducted to numerically investigate the influences of initial velocity and test panel orientation on impact damage of automotive coatings.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51706055).
文摘Fluidized beds are widely used in many industrial fields such as petroleum,chemical and energy.In actual industrial processes,spherical inert particles are typically added to the fluidized bed to promote fluidization of non-spherical particles.Understanding mixing behaviors of binary mixtures in a fluidized bed has specific significance for the design and optimization of related industrial processes.In this study,the computational fluid dynamic-discrete element method with the consideration of rolling friction was applied to evaluate the mixing behaviors of binary mixtures comprising spherocylindrical particles and spherical particles in a fluidized bed.The simulation results indicate that the differences between rotational particle velocities were higher than those of translational particle velocities for spherical and non-spherical particles when well mixed.Moreover,as the volume fraction of the spherocylindrical particles increases,translational and rotational granular temperatures gradually increase.In addition,the addition of the spherical particles makes the spherocylindrical particles preferably distributed in a vertical orientation.
基金supported by the European Research Council(Research Fund for Coal and Steel)under Grant Agreement number 800757.
文摘In this study,the installation of an airlift pump with inner diameter of 102 mm and length of 5.64 m was utilized to consider the conveying process of non-spherical coal particles with density of 1340 kg/m3 and graining 25-44.5 mm.The test results revealed that the magnitude of increase in the solid transport rate due to the changes in the three tested parameters between compressed air velocity,submergence ratio,and feeding coal possibility was not the same,which are stand in range of 20%,75%,and 40%,respectively.Hence,creating the optimal airlift pump performance is highly dependent on submergence ratio.More importantly,we measured the solid volume fraction using the method of one-way valves in order to minimize the disadvantages of conventional devices,such as fast speed camera and conductivity ring sensor.The results confirmed that the volume fraction of the solid phase in the transfer process was always less than 12%.To validate present experimental data,the existing empirical correlations together with the theoretical equations related to the multiphase flow was used.The overall agreement between the theory and experimental solid delivery results was particularly good instead of the first stage of conveying process.This drawback can be corrected by omitting the role of friction and shear stress at low air income velocity.It was also found that the model developed by Kalenik failed to predict the performance of our airlift operation in terms of the mass flow rate of the coal particles.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （50706007 50976025） the National Key Program of Basic Research in China （2010CB732206）+1 种基金 the Foundation of Excellent Young Scholar of Southeast University （4003001039） the Collaboration Project of China and British （2010DFA61960）
文摘Flow behaviors of four kinds of granular particles(i.e. sphere,ellipsoid,hexahedron and binary mixture of sphere and hexahedron) in rectangular hoppers were experimentally studied. The effects of granular shape and hopper structure on flow pattern,discharge fraction,mean particle residence time and tracer concentration distribu-tion were tested based on the visual observation and particle tracer technique. The results show that particle shape affects significantly the flow pattern. The flow patterns of sphere,ellipsoid and binary mixture are all parabolic shape,and the flow pattern shows no significant difference with the change of wedge angle. The flowing zone be-comes more sharp-angled with the increasing outlet size. The flow pattern of hexahedron is featured with straight lines. The discharge rates are in increasing order from hexahedron,sphere,binary mixture to ellipsoid. The dis-charge rate also increases with the wedge angle and outlet size. The mean particle residence time becomes shorter when the outlet size increases. The difference of mean particle residence time between the maximum and minimum values decreases as the wedge angle increases. The residence time of hexahedron is the shortest. The tracer concen-tration distribution of hexahedron at any height is more uniform than that of binary mixture. The tracer concentra-tion of sphere in the middle is lower than that near the wall,and the contrary tendency is found for ellipsoid particles.
基金the financial support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51706055).
文摘Fluidization of non-spherical particles is very common in petroleum engineering.Understanding the complex phenomenon of non-spherical particle flow is of great significance.In this paper,coupled with two-fluid model,the drag coefficient correlation based on artificial neural network was applied in the simulations of a bubbling fluidized bed filled with non-spherical particles.The simulation results were compared with the experimental data from the literature.Good agreement between the experimental data and the simulation results reveals that the modified drag model can accurately capture the interaction between the gas phase and solid phase.Then,several cases of different particles,including tetrahedron,cube,and sphere,together with the nylon beads used in the model validation,were employed in the simulations to study the effect of particle shape on the flow behaviors in the bubbling fluidized bed.Particle shape affects the hydrodynamics of non-spherical particles mainly on microscale.This work can be a basis and reference for the utilization of artificial neural network in the investigation of drag coefficient correlation in the dense gas-solid two-phase flow.Moreover,the proposed drag coefficient correlation provides one more option when investigating the hydrodynamics of non-spherical particles in the gas-solid fluidized bed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China the Shanghai Centre for Applied Physicsthe Shanghai Research and Development Foundation of Applied materials
文摘Employing multiple scattering formulation of T-matrix method, numerical simulations are developed and applied to polarized scattering from random clusters of spatially-oriented, non-spherical particles. Polarized scattering is numerically presented for the functional dependence on particle shape, size, spatial distribution and orientation, and other physical parameters. Numerical calculations of backscattering from randomly clustered particles are well compared with that from independent particles and clusters. It can be seen that spatial distribution and orientation of non-spherical particles can have significant effect on scattering.
基金The authors acknowledge with gratitude the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Contract no. 50476082）.
文摘A comparison of sphericity and Zingg factor for particle morphology and description of fluidized-bed dynamics are presented. It is found that Zingg factor Fz = LH/B2 （where L, H and B are, respectively, the length, breadth and height of a particle） well describes the effect of particle morphology. Experimental results show that non-spherical particles give poor fluidizing quality as compared to spherical particles in terms of pressure drop, Umf, etc. With the same volume-equivalent diameter, non-spherical particles have lower Umf and fluidizing coefficient 8. Some smooth curves have been obtained between the parameters 8, Umf and Fz. The quality of fluidization could be evaluated by fluidizing coefficient, which has been correlated to the Zingg factor and minimum fluidizing velocity in this paper.
基金The authors express their appreciation to the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China (No. 51521063)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1562212)+2 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant No. 2016ZX05023-006)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFE0124600)the State Scholarship Fund (CSC file No. 201706440059).
文摘Solid-particle settling occurs in many natural and industrial processes, such as in the transportation of drilling cuttings and fracturing proppant. Knowledge of the drag coefficient and settling velocity of cuttings and proppant is of significance to hydraulics design, wellbore cleanout, and fracture optimization. We conducted 553 tests to investigate the settling characteristics of spherical and non-spherical particles in power-law fluids. Three major particle shapes (spherical, cubic, and cylindrical) and eight different particle sphericities were used to simulate cuttings and proppant, and power-law fluids were applied to simulate drilling and fracturing fluids. Based on the data analysis, a new drag coefficient-particle Reynolds number correlation was developed to determine the drag coefficient in a power-law fluid for spherical and non-spherical particles. The drag coefficient increases as the sphericity decreases for the same particle Reynolds number. For a specific particle shape, the drag coefficient decreases as the particle Reynolds number increases, but the decreasing trend is reduced at high particle Reynolds number conditions. An explicit settling-velocity equation was proposed to calculate the settling velocity of spherical and non-spherical particles in power-law fluids by considering the effect of sphericity. A suitable range for the proposed model is 0.0001 < Re <200, 0.471 <φ< 1, and 0.505 < n < 1. An illustrative example is presented to show how to calculate the drag coefficient and settling velocity in power-law fluids with given particle and fluid properties.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant No.2019YFC1805605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.22078283)。
文摘Screw conveyors are extensively used in modern industry such as metallurgy,architecture and pharmaceutical due to their high-efficiency in the transportation of granular materials.And substantial efforts have been devoted to the study of the screw conveyors.Numerical method is an effective way to study screw conveyor.However,previous studies have mainly focused in the regime of spherical particles while the in-depth investigations for non-spherical particles that should be the most encountered in practical applications are still limited.In view of the above situations,discrete element method(DEM),which has been widely accepted in simulating the discrete systems,is utilized to investigate the conveying process of non-spherical particles in a horizontal screw conveyor,with particles being modeled by super-ellipsoids.In addition,a wear model called SIEM(Shear Impact Energy Model)is incorporated into DEM to predict the wear of screw conveyor.The DEM simulation results demonstrate that the particle shape is influential for the flow behaviors of particles and the wear of conveyor.The conveying performance evaluated quantitatively of both mass flow rate and power consumption is subsequently obtained to investigate the effect of sphericity of particle with different operation parameters.Moreover,particle collision frequency and collision energy consumption are acquired to investigate the possible particle breakage between particles and screw blade.The comparisons between particle-particle collision and particle-wall collision reveal that particles with large shape index have more possibility to be damaged in particle-wall impingement.
文摘We investigated the deposition pattern of microparticles with different particle diameters, shape factors, and initial flow conditions in a realistic human upper respiratory tract model. We identified a close relationship between the deposition fraction and the particle shape factor. The deposition fraction of the particles decreased sharply with increasing particle shape factor because of the decreasing drag force. We also found that the deposition varied at different positions in the upper respiratory tract. At low shape factors, the highest fraction of particles deposited at the mouth and pharynx. However, with increasing shape factor, the deposition fraction in the trachea and lungs increased. Moreover, for a given shape factor, larger particles deposited at the mouth and pharynx, which indicates that the deposition fraction of microparticles in the human upper respiratory tract is affected first and foremost by particle inertia as well as by the drag force.
基金This research was funded by the Science&Technology Depart-ment of Hebei Province,China(Grant No.16211013D)the Handan Science&Technology Development Bureau(Grant No.1511103015)。
文摘The shape of an aluminum particle is assumed to be spherical or an equivalent sphere during the combustion process.Such an assumption lacks objectivity and leads to unreasonable approximations of burning efficiency and performance.To investigate the influence of non-spherical particles on burning behavior,this study focused on a theoretical and experimental investigation of the combustion of nanoscale aluminum ellipsoidal particles.Models for prolate and oblate spheroids in aluminum combustion were established to explore combustion properties such as mass release rate,linear burning rate,burning rate,and burnout time.To validate the theoretical results,combustion experiments were conducted on three samples.Reasonable agreement between the results of numerical simulation and experimental findings was obtained in terms of the particle burning characteristics.It was found that particle morphology(such as prolate or oblate spheroid shape)and size play a significant role in the combustion performance of nanosized aluminum particles.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.11972250)the key projects of Tianjin city(grant No.19JCZDJC32000)。
文摘This study develops an extended unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method for simulation of the fluid-solid flow with non-spherical particles.The limitation of fluid grid size is discussed,by simulating the settling of a cylinder in a Newtonian fluid based on the resolved and unresolved CFD-DEM coupling method.Then,the calculation of porosity and the fluid-particle relative velocity based on the particle shape enlarge-ment method for simulation of non-spherical particles is proposed.The availability of the particle shape enlargement method for the simulation of non-spherical particles with different sphericity is discussed in this work,by comparing it with the results from the equivalent diameter enlargement method.The lim-itation of the equivalent diameter enlargement method for non-spherical particles is revealed from the simulation results.Several typical cases are employed to elaborate and verify the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method based on particle shape enlargement method,by presenting a good consistency with the experimental results.It proves that the extended unresolved CFD-DEM method is suitable for differ-ent CFD grid size ratios,and consolidates that it is a universal calculation method for CFD-DEM coupling simulation.
基金This work is financially supported by TOTAL S.A.and the authors ofChinese Academy of Sciences also acknowledge the Science Chal-lenge Project(Grand No.TZ2016001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grand Nos.21821005 and 91834303)the Key Research Program of Frontier Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.QYZDJ-SSW-JSC029).
文摘The discrete element method(DEM)is used to analyze complex practical granular systems;however,the representation of real shapes is an important consideration because behavior of non-spherical particles is unlike that of spherical particles both individually and collectively.In this study,we use non-uniform rational basis-splines(NURBS)to describe the shapes of non-spherical particles and introduce a contact detection scheme based on quadratic convergence,to simulate the behaviors of elliptical particles.The simulation results are compared with those based on polygons,in terms of the shape description and contact treatment,to demonstrate the high accuracy and efficiency of NURBS-based DEM.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.52075489 and 52205172)Zhejiang Province Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project(grant No.LGG20E050017)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China(grant No.LY23E050015).
文摘The silo discharge of non-spherical particles has been widely practiced in engineering processes, yet the understanding of multi-level mechanisms during solid transportation is still lacking. In this study, a high-fidelity super-ellipsoid Discrete Element Method (DEM) model is established to investigate the discharge behaviors of non-spherical particles with different size distributions. After the comprehensive model validations, we investigated the effects of particle shape (aspect ratio and particle sharpness) on the particle level discharge behaviors. The discharge rates of the ellipsoid particles used in the current work are larger than the spherical particles due to the larger solid fraction. The discharge rates of the cuboid-like particles are determined by the combined effect of the solid fraction and the contact force. Parcel level data show that the translational movements of the ellipsoid particles are more ordered, which is supported by the global level data. Strong correlations exist between the particle level and parcel level data, especially the ellipsoid particles and the large particles in the polydispersed cases.
文摘In the non-spherical particulate turbulent flows, a set of new fluidfluctuating velocity equations with the non-spherical particle source term were derived, then a newmethod, which treats the slowly varying functions and rapidly varying functions separately, wasproposed to solve the equations, and finally the turbulent intensity and the Reynolds stress of theflu-id were obtained by calculating the fluctuating velocity statlsti-cally. The equations andmethod were used to a paniculate tur-bulent pipe flow. The results show that the turbulent intensityand the Reynolds stress are decreased almost inverse proportion-ally to the fluctuating velocityratio of particle to fluid. Non-spherical particles have a greater suppressing effect on thetur-bulence than the spherical particles. The particles with short re-laxation time reduce theturbulence intensity of fluid, while the particles with long relaxation time increase the turbulenceinten-sity of fluid. For fixed particle and fluid, the small particles sup-press the turbulence andthe large particles increase the turbu-ience.
基金The authors acknowledge financial support provided by Leistungszentrums for"Simulations und Softwarebasierte Innovation"through the SMART MODELS Einsatz Lernender Verfahren Zur Optimierung Von Produkten Und Produktionsprozessen project and The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG,German Research Foundation)-Project-ID AN 782/6-2.
文摘The formation of a filter cake during the filtration of a suspension with non-spherical particles is studied using a multi-sphere model in a simulation that couples the discrete element method with computational fluid dynamics.The implementation of the coupling with a drag model that considers orientation,sphericity,and the presence of surrounding particles for non-spherical particles is tested for single particles and suspensions by comparing the terminal velocities with empirical results.Phenomena predicted in the simulations,such as the presence or absence of initial oscillations and changes in the orientation of a particle,are consistent with experimental observations reported in the literature.The variation in the void fraction of a filter cake with respect to the particle sphericity is obtained and compared with experimental trends reported in the literature.Furthermore,complex interdependencies of the particle sphericity,void fraction,and pressure drop of a filter cake for a wide range of fluid conditions are investigated.
基金the financial support of the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA07030100)the Technology Planning Project of Jiangxi Province(No.20122BBG70087)financial contributions from the Chongqing Science and Technology Commission(No.2011AC4068)
文摘In this paper, the pressure fluctuation in a fluidized bed was measured and processed via standard devia- tion and power spectrum analysis to investigate the dynamic behavior of the transition from the bubbling to turbulent regime. Two types （Geldart B and D） of non-spherical particles, screened from real bed materials, and their mixture were used as the bed materials. The experiments were conducted in a semi- industrial testing apparatus. The experimental results indicated that the fluidization characteristics of the non-spherical Geldart D particles differed from that of the spherical particles at gas velocities beyond the transition velocity Uo The standard deviation of the pressure fluctuation measured in the bed increased with the gas velocity, while that measured in the plenum remained constant. Compared to the coarse particles, the fine particles exerted a stronger influence on the dynamic behavior of the fluidized bed and promoted the fluidization regime transition from bubbling toward turbulent. The power spectrum of the pressure fluctuation was calculated using the auto-regressive （AR） model; the hydrodynamics of the flu- idized bed were characterized by the major frequency of the power spectrum of the pressure fluctuation. By combining the standard deviation analysis, a new method was proposed to determine the transition velocity Uk via the analysis of the change in the major frequency. The first major frequency was observed to vary within the range of 1.5 to 3 Hz.
