Background:Human behaviors are affected by attitudes and beliefs,which in turn are shaped by higher-level values to which we have ascribed.In this study,we explore the relationship between two higher-level values,pres...Background:Human behaviors are affected by attitudes and beliefs,which in turn are shaped by higher-level values to which we have ascribed.In this study,we explore the relationship between two higher-level values,press freedom and LGBT freedom,and HIV infection with national data at the population level.Methods:Data were the number of persons living with HIV(PLWH,n=35,468,911)for 148 countries during 2011-15,press freedom index(PFI)determined by the Reporters Without Borders,and LGBT freedom index(LGBT-FI)based on laws regulating same-sex relationships and expression.PLWH prevalence(1/1000),PFI and LGBT-FI were mapped first.Multiple regression was thus used to associate the logarithm of PLWH prevalence with PFI,LGBT-FI and PFI×LGBT-FI interaction,controlling for per capita GDP and weighted by population size.Results:Global prevalence of PLWH during 2011-15 was 0.51 per 1000 population.The prevalence showed a geographic pattern moving from high at the south and west ends of the world map to low at the north and east.Both PFI and LGBT-FI were positively associated with PLWH prevalence with a negative interaction between the two.Conclusions:More people are infected with HIV in countries with higher press freedom and higher LGBT freedom.Furthermore,press freedom can attenuate the positive association between levels of LGBT freedom and risk of HIV infection.This study demonstrated the urgency for and provided data supporting further research to investigate potential cultural and socioecological mechanisms underpinning the complex relationship among press freedom,LGBT freedom and HIV infection,with data collected at the individual level.展开更多
In the United States, the public's right to know is one of the central principles of the society and it is believed that the media can report everything in an actual way. Many American journalists are proud of the...In the United States, the public's right to know is one of the central principles of the society and it is believed that the media can report everything in an actual way. Many American journalists are proud of their press freedom and regard the press as the Fourth Estate of the United States. In the United States, media and the government are symbiotic. They rely on each other to reinforce themselves. The government depends on the media to propagandize its political ideology while media need the government to supply news sources to them.展开更多
在新闻学上,Freedom of the press是个非常重要的术语,其基本内涵是新闻自由,然而对它的翻译却存在很大的差异。原因主要有二,一是Freedom of the press的内涵随媒介形态的变化而变化,二是Press本身具有多重的词义。本文从社会变迁和语...在新闻学上,Freedom of the press是个非常重要的术语,其基本内涵是新闻自由,然而对它的翻译却存在很大的差异。原因主要有二,一是Freedom of the press的内涵随媒介形态的变化而变化,二是Press本身具有多重的词义。本文从社会变迁和语言学角度进行分析,认为把Freedom of the press译为新闻自由是适宜的。展开更多
文摘Background:Human behaviors are affected by attitudes and beliefs,which in turn are shaped by higher-level values to which we have ascribed.In this study,we explore the relationship between two higher-level values,press freedom and LGBT freedom,and HIV infection with national data at the population level.Methods:Data were the number of persons living with HIV(PLWH,n=35,468,911)for 148 countries during 2011-15,press freedom index(PFI)determined by the Reporters Without Borders,and LGBT freedom index(LGBT-FI)based on laws regulating same-sex relationships and expression.PLWH prevalence(1/1000),PFI and LGBT-FI were mapped first.Multiple regression was thus used to associate the logarithm of PLWH prevalence with PFI,LGBT-FI and PFI×LGBT-FI interaction,controlling for per capita GDP and weighted by population size.Results:Global prevalence of PLWH during 2011-15 was 0.51 per 1000 population.The prevalence showed a geographic pattern moving from high at the south and west ends of the world map to low at the north and east.Both PFI and LGBT-FI were positively associated with PLWH prevalence with a negative interaction between the two.Conclusions:More people are infected with HIV in countries with higher press freedom and higher LGBT freedom.Furthermore,press freedom can attenuate the positive association between levels of LGBT freedom and risk of HIV infection.This study demonstrated the urgency for and provided data supporting further research to investigate potential cultural and socioecological mechanisms underpinning the complex relationship among press freedom,LGBT freedom and HIV infection,with data collected at the individual level.
文摘In the United States, the public's right to know is one of the central principles of the society and it is believed that the media can report everything in an actual way. Many American journalists are proud of their press freedom and regard the press as the Fourth Estate of the United States. In the United States, media and the government are symbiotic. They rely on each other to reinforce themselves. The government depends on the media to propagandize its political ideology while media need the government to supply news sources to them.
文摘在新闻学上,Freedom of the press是个非常重要的术语,其基本内涵是新闻自由,然而对它的翻译却存在很大的差异。原因主要有二,一是Freedom of the press的内涵随媒介形态的变化而变化,二是Press本身具有多重的词义。本文从社会变迁和语言学角度进行分析,认为把Freedom of the press译为新闻自由是适宜的。
