During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) s...During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site,China,and in 2006,at a background site in Duolun (DL).The long-term monitoring data of elements,ions,and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements,nitrates,ammonium salts,and sulfates.These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of...展开更多
Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of particulate matters （PM2,5）, PM10, and total suspended p...Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of particulate matters （PM2,5）, PM10, and total suspended particle （TSP） aerosols were collected simultaneously in Beijing from July 2001 to April 2003. The aerosol was chemically characterized by measuring 23 elements and 18 water-soluble ions by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） and ion chromatography （IC）, respectively. Results The samples were divided into four categories： spring non-dust, spring dust, summer dust, and winter dust. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were most abundant in the spring dust, and the least in summer dust. The average mass ratios of PM〉10, PM2,5-10, and PM2.5 to TSP confirmed that in the spring dust both the large coarse （PM〉10） and fine particles （PM2.5） contributed significantly in summer PM2.5, PM2,5-10, and PM〉10 contributed similar fractions to TSP, and in winter much PM2.5. The seasonal variation characteristics of the elements and ions were used to divide them into four groups： crustal, pollutant, mixed, and secondary. The highest levels of crustal elements, such as AI, Fe, and Ca, were found in the dust season, the highest levels of pollutant elements and ions, such as As, F, and Cl^-, were observed in winter, and the highest levels of secondary ions （SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋） were seen both in summer and in winter. The mixed group （Eu, Ni, and Cu） showed the characteristics of both crustal and pollutant elements. The mineral aerosol from outside Beijiug contributed more than that from the local part in all the reasons but summer, estimated using a newly developed element tracer technique.展开更多
China is confronting aggravated ozone(O_(3))pollution,leading to adverse health impacts.This study quantifies the regional contributions to O_(3)in China using two approaches;estimating(1)where goods are produced(the ...China is confronting aggravated ozone(O_(3))pollution,leading to adverse health impacts.This study quantifies the regional contributions to O_(3)in China using two approaches;estimating(1)where goods are produced(the production method),and(2)where goods are consumed(the consumption method).The production method predicts higher local source contribution than the consumption method;this difference can be attributed to exports.Occurrence of high-O_(3)episodes suggests a major contribution to O_(3)concentration as a result of trade activities.Based on the consumption method,9219 out of 18532 daily premature mortalities were caused by local sources in north China,while it increased to 14471 of the production method when neglecting contributions due to export and consumption in other regions.This study suggests that O_(3)control should consider both where goods are consumed and emissions are emitted,especially taking account of international trade activities.展开更多
Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 el...Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.展开更多
Particulate matter(i.e.,PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5)),considered as the key atmospheric pollutants,exerts negative effects on visibility,global climate,and human health by associated chemical compositions.However,our underst...Particulate matter(i.e.,PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5)),considered as the key atmospheric pollutants,exerts negative effects on visibility,global climate,and human health by associated chemical compositions.However,our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017.Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing.Here,we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019.Results indicate that annualmean PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) concentrations were 35.49±18.61μg/m^(3) and 66.58±60.17μg/m^(3),showing a positive response to emission controls.The contribution of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium(SNA)played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes.Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5μm.Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter,respectively.Results from positive matrix factorization(PMF)combined with potential source contribution function(PSCF)models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent,secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing.Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing,which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.展开更多
China is striving to build a“Beautiful China”characterized by clean air.The country has committed to further reducing its national mean fine particle(PM_(2.5))concentration by 10%from 2020 to 2025,following the subs...China is striving to build a“Beautiful China”characterized by clean air.The country has committed to further reducing its national mean fine particle(PM_(2.5))concentration by 10%from 2020 to 2025,following the substantial improvements in its air quality during the past decade.Meanwhile,the“Healthy China”mission has pledged to increase the national mean life expectancy by one year during the same period.Yet,to what extent will the“Beautiful China”mission contribute to the“Healthy China”vision by reducing the levels of the detrimental PM_(2.5) is still unclear.Here,by coupling the life table approach and an epidemiological concentration-response model,this study quantifies the potential benefits of achieving China's 2025 air quality target on the national life expectancy.The analysis reveals that the Chinese citizen could expect to extend the average life expectancy by 42.5 days by 2025 due to improved air quality.In addition,if the Chinese government outperforms the planned air quality target,as it usually does,the gains would increase to 65.4 days,~18% of the“Healthy China”life expectancy increment task.Further reductions in PM_(2.5) concentration would lead to accelerated gains in life expectancy both nationally and at the city level,providing strong incentives for the authorities to keep improving air quality.This study reveals the notable benefits on individual life that could be expected from air quality improvement in China and suggests that longer life expectancy is achievable by implementing a health-prioritized air quality management mechanism.展开更多
Product trade plays an increasing role in relocating production and the associated air pollution impact among sectors and regions.While a comprehensive depiction of atmospheric pollution redistribution through trade c...Product trade plays an increasing role in relocating production and the associated air pollution impact among sectors and regions.While a comprehensive depiction of atmospheric pollution redistribution through trade chains is missing,which may hinder targeted clean air cooperation among sectors and regions.Here,we combined five state-of-the-art models from physics,economy,and epidemiology to track the anthropogenic fine particle matters(PM_(2.5))related premature mortality along the supply chains within China in 2017.Our results highlight the key sectors that affect PM_(2.5)-related mortality from both production and consumption perspectives.The consumption-based effects from food,light industry,equipment,construction,and services sectors,caused 2e22 times higher deaths than those from a production perspective and totally contributed 63%of the national total.From a cross-boundary perspective,25.7%of China's PM_(2.5)-related deaths were caused by interprovincial trade,with the largest transfer occurring from the central and northern regions to well-developed east coast provinces.Capital investment dominated the cross-boundary effect(56%of the total)by involving substantial equipment and construction products,which greatly rely on product exports from regions with specific resources.This supply chain-based analysis provides a comprehensive quantification and may inform more effective joint-control efforts among associated regions and sectors from a health risk perspective.展开更多
基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No.20725723)
文摘During 2001-2006,PM2.5 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) and PM10 (particle matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microns) were collected at the Beijng Normal University (BNU) site,China,and in 2006,at a background site in Duolun (DL).The long-term monitoring data of elements,ions,and black carbon showed that the major constituents of PM2.5 were black carbon (BC) crustal elements,nitrates,ammonium salts,and sulfates.These five major components accounted for 20%-80% of...
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 29837190, 30230310, 20077004, and 20477004),and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 8991002 and 8041003).
文摘Objective To investigate the seasonal characteristics and the sources of elements and ions with different sizes in the aerosols in Beijing. Methods Samples of particulate matters （PM2,5）, PM10, and total suspended particle （TSP） aerosols were collected simultaneously in Beijing from July 2001 to April 2003. The aerosol was chemically characterized by measuring 23 elements and 18 water-soluble ions by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） and ion chromatography （IC）, respectively. Results The samples were divided into four categories： spring non-dust, spring dust, summer dust, and winter dust. TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were most abundant in the spring dust, and the least in summer dust. The average mass ratios of PM〉10, PM2,5-10, and PM2.5 to TSP confirmed that in the spring dust both the large coarse （PM〉10） and fine particles （PM2.5） contributed significantly in summer PM2.5, PM2,5-10, and PM〉10 contributed similar fractions to TSP, and in winter much PM2.5. The seasonal variation characteristics of the elements and ions were used to divide them into four groups： crustal, pollutant, mixed, and secondary. The highest levels of crustal elements, such as AI, Fe, and Ca, were found in the dust season, the highest levels of pollutant elements and ions, such as As, F, and Cl^-, were observed in winter, and the highest levels of secondary ions （SO4^2-, NO3^-, and NH4^＋） were seen both in summer and in winter. The mixed group （Eu, Ni, and Cu） showed the characteristics of both crustal and pollutant elements. The mineral aerosol from outside Beijiug contributed more than that from the local part in all the reasons but summer, estimated using a newly developed element tracer technique.
基金supported by the co-fund Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)–National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Sino–German Air Changes project(448720203)National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077194/42061134008)Shanghai International Science and Technology Partnership Project(21230780200)。
文摘China is confronting aggravated ozone(O_(3))pollution,leading to adverse health impacts.This study quantifies the regional contributions to O_(3)in China using two approaches;estimating(1)where goods are produced(the production method),and(2)where goods are consumed(the consumption method).The production method predicts higher local source contribution than the consumption method;this difference can be attributed to exports.Occurrence of high-O_(3)episodes suggests a major contribution to O_(3)concentration as a result of trade activities.Based on the consumption method,9219 out of 18532 daily premature mortalities were caused by local sources in north China,while it increased to 14471 of the production method when neglecting contributions due to export and consumption in other regions.This study suggests that O_(3)control should consider both where goods are consumed and emissions are emitted,especially taking account of international trade activities.
基金Supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)coordinated by the Asian Institute of Technology
文摘Airborne particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) samples were collected at the Beijing Normal University sampling site in the urban area of Beijing, China in dry and wet seasons during 2001―2004. Concen-trations of 23 elements and 14 ions in particulate samples were determined by ICP-AES and IC, re-spectively. Source apportionment results derived from both Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) models indicate that the major contributors of PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing are: soil dust, fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhausts, secondary particulate, biomass burning and some industrial sources. We have identified both regional common sources, such as vehicular emis-sions, particulate of secondary origin and biomass burning, as well as country-specific problems, such as sand storms and soil dust that should be addressed for effective air quality control.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.29837190 and 20077004)Beijing Natural Science Fund(Grant No.899 1002).
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22176014, 21777008, 21377012, and 21177012)。
文摘Particulate matter(i.e.,PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5)),considered as the key atmospheric pollutants,exerts negative effects on visibility,global climate,and human health by associated chemical compositions.However,our understanding of PM and its chemical compositions in Beijing under the current atmospheric environment is still not complete after witnessing marked alleviation during 2013–2017.Continuous measurements can be crucial for further air quality improvement by better characterizing PM pollution and chemical compositions in Beijing.Here,we conducted simultaneous measurements on PM in Beijing during 2018–2019.Results indicate that annualmean PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) concentrations were 35.49±18.61μg/m^(3) and 66.58±60.17μg/m^(3),showing a positive response to emission controls.The contribution of sulfate,nitrate,and ammonium(SNA)played an enhanced role with elevated PM loading and acted as the main contributors to pollution episodes.Discrepancies observed among chemical species between PM_(1.0) and PM_(2.5) in spring suggest that sand particles trend to accumulate in the range of 1–2.5μm.Pollution episodes occurred accompanied with southerly clusters and high formation of SNA by heterogeneous reactions in summer and winter,respectively.Results from positive matrix factorization(PMF)combined with potential source contribution function(PSCF)models showed that potential areas were seasonal dependent,secondary and vehicular sources became much more important compared with previous studies in Beijing.Our study presented a continuous investigation on PM and sources origins in Beijing,which provides a better understanding for further emission control as well as a reference for other cities in developing countries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42105169,72171157,42175182,71904097).
文摘China is striving to build a“Beautiful China”characterized by clean air.The country has committed to further reducing its national mean fine particle(PM_(2.5))concentration by 10%from 2020 to 2025,following the substantial improvements in its air quality during the past decade.Meanwhile,the“Healthy China”mission has pledged to increase the national mean life expectancy by one year during the same period.Yet,to what extent will the“Beautiful China”mission contribute to the“Healthy China”vision by reducing the levels of the detrimental PM_(2.5) is still unclear.Here,by coupling the life table approach and an epidemiological concentration-response model,this study quantifies the potential benefits of achieving China's 2025 air quality target on the national life expectancy.The analysis reveals that the Chinese citizen could expect to extend the average life expectancy by 42.5 days by 2025 due to improved air quality.In addition,if the Chinese government outperforms the planned air quality target,as it usually does,the gains would increase to 65.4 days,~18% of the“Healthy China”life expectancy increment task.Further reductions in PM_(2.5) concentration would lead to accelerated gains in life expectancy both nationally and at the city level,providing strong incentives for the authorities to keep improving air quality.This study reveals the notable benefits on individual life that could be expected from air quality improvement in China and suggests that longer life expectancy is achievable by implementing a health-prioritized air quality management mechanism.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71904097,41921005,91744310 and 42205183)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2021NTST21).
文摘Product trade plays an increasing role in relocating production and the associated air pollution impact among sectors and regions.While a comprehensive depiction of atmospheric pollution redistribution through trade chains is missing,which may hinder targeted clean air cooperation among sectors and regions.Here,we combined five state-of-the-art models from physics,economy,and epidemiology to track the anthropogenic fine particle matters(PM_(2.5))related premature mortality along the supply chains within China in 2017.Our results highlight the key sectors that affect PM_(2.5)-related mortality from both production and consumption perspectives.The consumption-based effects from food,light industry,equipment,construction,and services sectors,caused 2e22 times higher deaths than those from a production perspective and totally contributed 63%of the national total.From a cross-boundary perspective,25.7%of China's PM_(2.5)-related deaths were caused by interprovincial trade,with the largest transfer occurring from the central and northern regions to well-developed east coast provinces.Capital investment dominated the cross-boundary effect(56%of the total)by involving substantial equipment and construction products,which greatly rely on product exports from regions with specific resources.This supply chain-based analysis provides a comprehensive quantification and may inform more effective joint-control efforts among associated regions and sectors from a health risk perspective.
