Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingda...Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingdao City from 2010 to 2022.Descriptive epidemiologic,seasonal decomposition,spatial autocorrelation,and spatio-temporal cluster analyses were performed.Results A total of 2,220 patients with HFRS were reported over the study period,with an average annual incidence of 1.89/100,000 and a case fatality rate of 2.52%.The male:female ratio was 2.8:1.75.3%of patients were aged between 16 and 60 years old,75.3%of patients were farmers,and 11.6%had both“three red”and“three pain”symptoms.The HFRS epidemic showed two-peak seasonality:the primary fall-winter peak and the minor spring peak.The HFRS epidemic presented highly spatially heterogeneous,street/township-level hot spots that were mostly distributed in Huangdao,Pingdu,and Jiaozhou.The spatio-temporal cluster analysis revealed three cluster areas in Qingdao City that were located in the south of Huangdao District during the fall-winter peak.Conclusion The distribution of HFRS in Qingdao exhibited periodic,seasonal,and regional characteristics,with high spatial clustering heterogeneity.The typical symptoms of“three red”and“three pain”in patients with HFRS were not obvious.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） during its incubation period by investigating chains of transmission and individuals isolated for medical observation with a view to ...Objective To evaluate the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） during its incubation period by investigating chains of transmission and individuals isolated for medical observation with a view to providing scientific evidence for updating protocols of medical isolation. Methods Individuals related with the two SARS chains of transmission in Beijing in 2003 and a group of individuals isolated for medical observation in Haidian district of Beijing during the SARS outbreak were selected as subjects of study. Contactors with SARS patients and those with symptom development following the contacts were investigated via questionnaire. Serum samples were collected from super transmitters and tested for SARS-CoV antibody by neutralization test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results A total of 1 112 contactors were investigated in three surveys. Of them, 669 had a history of close contact with symptomatic SARS patients, 101 developed symptoms with a rate of 15.1%, 363 had a history of close contact with patients in their incubation period, none of whom developed symptoms （0%）. Serum samples were collected fi＇om 32 highly-exposed individuals, of whom 13 developing SARS symptoms atter contact had serum samples positive for SARS-CoV antibody. Samples collected from the asymptomatic contactors were all negative for SARS-CoV antibody. Conclusion SARS cases are infectious only during their symptomatic period and are non-infectious during the incubation period. Isolation for medical observation should be placed for individuals who are in close contact with symptomatic SARS patients. The results of our study are of decisive significance for the Ministry of Health to the definition of SARS close contactor.展开更多
The global epidemic of avian influenza has imposed a substantial disease burden, inciting substantial societal panic and economic losses. The high variability and associated uncertainty of the influenza virus present ...The global epidemic of avian influenza has imposed a substantial disease burden, inciting substantial societal panic and economic losses. The high variability and associated uncertainty of the influenza virus present significant challenges in its prevention and control. As a pivotal strategy for the mitigation of avian influenza, the surveillance network has shown considerable growth at both global and regional levels. This includes the expansion of surveillance coverage, continuous refinement of monitoring content and scope, and rapid enhancement of monitoring quality. Although the ultimate goal of avian influenza surveillance remains uniform, strategies and models vary, reflecting regional or national differences in surveillance system frameworks and their implementation. This review collates and examines the features and experiences of global, regional, and national avian influenza surveillance efforts. Furthermore, it delves into the surveillance system modalities in light of the “One Health” concept, which includes the establishment and enhancement of interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation among medical, veterinary, and public health institutions, and the sharing of surveillance information for timely alerts.展开更多
Objective To evaluate the effect of the aluminum hydroxide （Al-OH） adjuvant on the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 （pH1N1） vaccine. Methods In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, part...Objective To evaluate the effect of the aluminum hydroxide （Al-OH） adjuvant on the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 （pH1N1） vaccine. Methods In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, participants received two doses of split-virion formulation containing 15 ug hemagglutinin antigen, with or without aluminum hydroxide （N-OH）. We classified the participants into six age categories （〉61 years, 41-60 years, 19-40 years, 13-18 years, 8-12 years, and 3-7 years） and obtained four blood samples from each participant on days 0, 21, 35, and 42 following the first dose of immunization. We assessed vaccine immunogenicity by measuring the geometric mean titer （GMT） of hemagglutination inhibiting antibody. We used a two-level model to evaluate the fixed effect of aluminum Al-OH and other factors, accounting for repeated measures. Results The predictions of repeated measurement on GMTs of formulations with or without Al-OH, were 80.35 and 112.72, respectively. Al-OH significantly reduced immunogenicity after controlling for time post immunization, age-group and gender. Conclusion The Al-OH adjuvant does not increase but actually reduces the immunogenicity of the split-virion pH1N1 vaccine.展开更多
Leclercia adecarboxylata is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.To our knowledge,this is the first report of a carbapenem-resistant L.adecarboxylata strain isolated from a healthy newb...Leclercia adecarboxylata is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.To our knowledge,this is the first report of a carbapenem-resistant L.adecarboxylata strain isolated from a healthy newborn.The L.adecarboxylata strain isolated in this study carried four plasmids that may serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes.Plasmids 2 and 4 did not harbor any antimicrobial resistance genes.Plasmid 3 is a novel plasmid containing three resistance genes.The bla IMP gene harbored in the strain was most similar to bla IMP-79 at the nucleotide level,with a similarity of 99.4%(737/741).This case highlights the importance of considering L.adecarboxylata as a potential cause of infections in children.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?The inclusion of meningococcal vaccines in the National Immunization Program(NIP)over several years has significantly reduced the incidence of meningococcal meningitis in China t...What is already known about this topic?The inclusion of meningococcal vaccines in the National Immunization Program(NIP)over several years has significantly reduced the incidence of meningococcal meningitis in China to historic lows.Worldwide,there has been a diversification of meningococcal serogroups,leading to a shift in dominant serogroups in China from serogroup A to serogroups C and B,accompanied by a rise in reports of serogroups Y and W.What is added by this report?An outbreak of serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis(Nm)in a secondary vocational school involved a single confirmed severe case and 24 individuals with laboratory-confirmed Nm carriage.Epidemiological investigation revealed that the outbreak was localized to the classroom of the confirmed case.Prolonged close contact within a confined space was identified as a significant risk factor for Nm transmission.The genotype sequence identified was type 1655(ST-1655),which is categorized under clonal complex 23(CC-23)and bears resemblance to 8 previously confirmed cases of serogroup Y meningococcal meningitis within Guangdong Province.This suggests that serogroup Y infections continue to sporadically emerge and have become prevalent strains.What are the implications for public health practice?This outbreak underscores the critical need to enhance surveillance of meningococcal serogroups and population carrier,and advocate for vaccination with MenY-containing vaccines.展开更多
Background:Nicotine dependence,also known as tobacco dependence,is a common chronic disease and a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases.The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of nicoti...Background:Nicotine dependence,also known as tobacco dependence,is a common chronic disease and a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases.The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of nicotine dependence and its changes among smokers aged 40 years and older in China,to analyze the characteristics of nicotine dependence among smokers,and to provide a reference for smoking cessation interventions.Methods:The data were sourced from nationally representative large-sample surveys conducted during 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 in the Chinese population,covering 125 counties(districts)in 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities.Variables related to smoking and nicotine dependence among residents≥40 years old were collected in face-to-face interviews.A total of 20,062 and 18,975 daily smokers were included in the 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 surveys,respectively.The severity of nicotine dependence was evaluated according to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Heaviness of Smoking Index.The level and change in nicotine dependence among daily smokers aged≥40 years were estimated using a complex weighted sampling design,and their influencing factors were analyzed.Results:Levels of nicotine dependence among daily smokers aged≥40 years in China could be divided into very low,low,medium,high,and very high,accounting for 31.1%,27.9%,13.4%,20.5%,and 7.1%of the total,respectively.The average Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score was 3.9(95%confidence interval[CI]:3.8-4.0),with the prevalence of medium-high nicotine dependence being 41.0%(95%CI:39.0-42.9%)and that of high and very high nicotine dependence being 27.6%(95%CI:26.0-29.3%),both of which were significantly higher in men than in women(both P<0.001).Among daily smokers,those with a low education level,age at smoking initiation<18 years,and with smoking duration of≥20 years had a higher degree of nicotine dependence.In terms of geographic region,the level of medium-high nicotine dependence in South China was higher than in other areas,and the decline in the prevalence of high nicotine dependence was the greatest in Northwest China(P<0.001).The prevalence of medium-high and high and very high nicotine dependence was significantly higher in men with chronic respiratory symptoms,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),and/or chronic respiratory diseases than in men without these conditions(all P<0.05).The prevalence of high and very high nicotine dependence in women with chronic respiratory symptoms and chronic respiratory diseases was significantly higher than that in women without these conditions(both P<0.05).Compared with that during 2014-2015,the prevalence of high nicotine dependence among daily smokers decreased during 2019-2020 by 4.5 percentage points in the total population(P<0.001)and by 4.8 percentage points in men(P<0.001),with no significant change seen in women(P>0.05).Additionally,the prevalence of high nicotine dependence in men with chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD decreased by 6.7 and 4.7 percentage points,respectively(P<0.05),but showed no significant change in women with these conditions(P>0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of medium-high nicotine dependence was higher among daily smokers who were male;50-59 years old;unmarried/divorced/widowed/separated;engaged in agriculture,forestry,husbandry,fishery and water conservancy;had a low education level;started smoking before the age of 18 years;and smoked for more than 20 years.Conclusions:The past few years have seen a slight decline in the prevalence of high(severe)nicotine depen-dence among smokers aged≥40 years in China.However,41.0%of daily smokers had medium-high nicotine dependence,and 27.6%had high or very high nicotine dependence,with notable differences in population and geographic distributions.Development of tailored interventions,optimization of smoking cessation service sys-tems,and integration of smoking cessation into the management of chronic diseases will effectively reduce the burden of nicotine dependence in China.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-...Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-contaminated products.Though several outbreaks have been traced to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)isolated on the outer packaging of cold chain products,live virus has not been obtained.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB)is a type of tuberculosis with resistance to common treatments such as isoniazid and rifampicin.MDR-TB is a major global health challenge ...What is already known about this topic?Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB)is a type of tuberculosis with resistance to common treatments such as isoniazid and rifampicin.MDR-TB is a major global health challenge and needs to be controlled tightly through prevention measures,early diagnosis,and full treatment and management.What is added by this report?This outbreak was the first MDR-TB related public health emergency in Hubei Province.In total,five MDR-TB cases and nine clinically diagnosed cases were identified within one class in a secondary school.Students and teachers from other classes were monitored,but no other cases were found.What are the implications for public health practice?The implementation of TB prevention and control measures in schools is important to increase knowledge on TB and to raise awareness on protecting personal wellbeing.The Automatic Early Warning Information System alerted the local health department and allowed for a timely response to prevent further disease spread.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Worldwide,tuberculosis(TB)continues to be the most important cause of death from a single infectious agent,and China has a high TB burden.Although the reported incidence ...Summary What is already known about this topic?Worldwide,tuberculosis(TB)continues to be the most important cause of death from a single infectious agent,and China has a high TB burden.Although the reported incidence of TB in students is lower than that in general population,TB outbreaks in schools have continuously been reported in the past years,suggesting that schools are a high-risk setting for TB transmission.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?In 2020,the implementation of non-medical interventions during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic has created a negative impact on tuberculosis(TB)control.It ...Summary What is already known about this topic?In 2020,the implementation of non-medical interventions during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic has created a negative impact on tuberculosis(TB)control.It is unclear if the prevalence of TB among students in Guizhou Province was also affected.What is added by this report?Among TB cases,the proportion of student TB patients was 19.91%in the back-to-school period in 2020,which was higher than the 13.37%registered in 2017–2019,but this decreased in the COVID-19 pandemic period.The time interval between symptom onset and care-seeking of the student TB patients was the shortest in the back-to-school and physical checkup periods.What are the implications for public health practice?TB active screening was effective for timely detection and diagnosis of TB among students,which could prevent TB outbreaks in schools.展开更多
On April 26,2021,a 33-year-old male Chinese sailor returning from India via Kathmandu,Nepal,tested positive for the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)by Chengdu Customs and was confirmed positive by Chengdu CDC(Case A...On April 26,2021,a 33-year-old male Chinese sailor returning from India via Kathmandu,Nepal,tested positive for the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)by Chengdu Customs and was confirmed positive by Chengdu CDC(Case A).On May 2,2021,a housewife in the same flight tested positive for COVID-19 by Pengzhou CDC in Sichuan Province during her quarantine period and was confirmed positive by Chengdu CDC the next day(Case B).展开更多
What is already known about this topic?After the type 2 strain of the live,attenuated poliovirus vaccine was withdrawn globally in 2016,any identification of a type 2 poliovirus is a Public Health Emergency of Interna...What is already known about this topic?After the type 2 strain of the live,attenuated poliovirus vaccine was withdrawn globally in 2016,any identification of a type 2 poliovirus is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.A vaccinederived type 2 poliovirus(VDPV2)was identified in Sichuan,prompting an urgent,comprehensive investigation and response.What is added by this report?Type 2 monovalent,live,attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine(mOPV2)is being used to respond to the numerous VDPV2 outbreaks seen around the world.In contrast,the response in Sichuan used Sabin strain inactivated poliovirus(sIPV)to stop circulation of the VDPV2.In the 6 months following the vaccination response,there have been no VDPV2s detected in Sichuan,despite extensive search.What are the implications for public health practices?Further search for the VDPV2 must continue in order to determine whether transmission has been stopped.The ongoing investigation and response to the Sichuan VDPV2 is providing evidence to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative on managing VDPV2 outbreaks.展开更多
Summary What is already known about this topic?Children with medical conditions frequently experience under-immunization.Ensuring high-quality immunization services is crucial for enhancing vaccination coverage levels...Summary What is already known about this topic?Children with medical conditions frequently experience under-immunization.Ensuring high-quality immunization services is crucial for enhancing vaccination coverage levels;nevertheless,the state of immunization service provision for children with medical conditions in China remains unclear.What is added by this report?Immunization support for children with medical conditions in China demonstrates considerable variability and may be inadequate.Primary obstacles to the provision of immunization services include an absence of comprehensive vaccination recommendations and assessment guidelines for specific medical conditions,as well as inconsistencies among vaccine recommendations,package inserts,and expert consensus statements pertaining to the vaccination of children with medical conditions.What are the implications for public health practice?The examination of provincial practices in providing immunization services for children with medical conditions,as well as understanding the barriers faced by National Immunization Program providers in administering vaccinations,can contribute to the improvement of immunization services for this population in China.展开更多
What is already known about this topic?The key epidemiological parameters including serial interval,basic reproductive number(R0),and effective reproductive number(Rt)are crucial for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)...What is already known about this topic?The key epidemiological parameters including serial interval,basic reproductive number(R0),and effective reproductive number(Rt)are crucial for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)control and prevention.Previous studies provided different estimations but were often flawed by some limitations such as insufficient sample size and selection bias.What is added by this report?In this study,a total of 116 infector-infectee pairs meeting strict inclusion criteria were selected for analysis.The mean serial interval of COVID-19 was 5.81 days(standard deviation:3.24).The estimated mean with 95%confidence interval of R0 was 3.39(3.07–3.75)and 2.98(2.62–3.38)using exponential growth(EG)and maximum likelihood(ML)methods,respectively.The Rt in the early phase of the epidemic was above 1 with the peak of 4.43 occurring on January 8,and then showing subsequent declines and approaching 1 on January 24.What are the implications for public health practices?This study supports previous findings that COVID-19 has high transmissibility and that implementing comprehensive measures is effective in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak.展开更多
A case of psittacosis was identified in Qingdao City,Shandong Province on May 4,2023.The patient,a 69-year-old retired male,was admitted to a medical facility on April 22,2023.His symptoms,which had persisted for two ...A case of psittacosis was identified in Qingdao City,Shandong Province on May 4,2023.The patient,a 69-year-old retired male,was admitted to a medical facility on April 22,2023.His symptoms,which had persisted for two days prior to his admission,included a fever(reaching 38.4°C at its peak),an escalating cough,and wheezing,none of which had been previously treated.展开更多
1.Introduction The first wave of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak in China's Mainland was declared controlled after April 2020.Since then,the origins of all local outbreaks were imported cases of COVID-1...1.Introduction The first wave of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak in China's Mainland was declared controlled after April 2020.Since then,the origins of all local outbreaks were imported cases of COVID-19 infection or imported articles contaminated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)[1],[2],[3].The volume of import and export trade in China is enormous,and the entry of SARS-CoV-2-contaminated articles into China is inevitable.Additionally,SARS-CoV-2 can survive on the surface of noncold-chain products for prolonged periods in cold environments during fall and winter[4],[5],[6].展开更多
What is already known about this topic?A common food that has been associated globally with rhabdomyolysis syndrome is freshwater fish including freshwater cod,barracuda,buffalo fish,and pomfret.However,cases caused b...What is already known about this topic?A common food that has been associated globally with rhabdomyolysis syndrome is freshwater fish including freshwater cod,barracuda,buffalo fish,and pomfret.However,cases caused by freshwater fish have been relatively rare in China.What is added by this report?In this investigation,a cluster of five cases of rhabdomyolysis syndrome were found that were linked to consumption of carp testes and eggs,one of the first carp-related rhabdomyolysis syndrome cases reported in China.What are the implications for public health practice?To avoid similar incidents,food safety education for local residents needs to be prioritized and implemented.In addition,case monitoring of rhabdomyolysis syndrome should be strengthened through more thorough collection of epidemiological data and monitoring of pathogenic foods.展开更多
What is already known on this topic?Human brucellosis,a neglected zoonotic disease,causes more than 500,000 new cases each year globally.The disease is of major public health concern in China,and northern provinces ar...What is already known on this topic?Human brucellosis,a neglected zoonotic disease,causes more than 500,000 new cases each year globally.The disease is of major public health concern in China,and northern provinces are traditionally endemic areas.What is added by this report?This is the first published outbreak of occupational brucellosis involving multiple clusters in Hubei Province.This investigation characterizes the transmission chain of the outbreak and reveals that provinces south of the Yangtze River are faced with a series of challenges and hurdles to overcome including,but not limited to,health education,law enforcement,and occupational protection.What are the implications for public health practice?In addition to measures aimed at this outbreak,the local agricultural department has issued special notices based on this investigation to adjust and strengthen local eradication program of brucellosis.展开更多
Background:The Ebola virus disease spread rapidly in West Africa in 2014,leading to the loss of thousands of lives.Community engagement was one of the key strategies to interrupt Ebola transmission,and practical commu...Background:The Ebola virus disease spread rapidly in West Africa in 2014,leading to the loss of thousands of lives.Community engagement was one of the key strategies to interrupt Ebola transmission,and practical community level measures needed to be explored in the field and tailored to the specific context of communities.Methods:First,community-level education on Ebola virus disease(EVD)prevention was launched for the community’s social mobilizers in six districts in Sierra Leone beginning in November 2014.Then,from January to May of 2015,in three pilot communities,local trained community members were organized to engage in implementation of EVD prevention and transmission interruption measures,by involving them in alert case report,contact tracing,and social mobilization.The epidemiological indicators of transmission interruption in three study communities were evaluated.Results:A total of 6016 community social mobilizers from 185 wards were trained by holding 279 workshops in the six districts,and EVD message reached an estimated 631680 residents.In three pilot communities,72 EVD alert cases were reported,with 70.8%of them detected by trained local community members,and 14 EVD cases were finally identified.Contact tracing detected 64.3%of EVD cases.The median duration of community infectivity for the cases was 1 day.The secondary attack rate was 4.2%,and no third generation of infection was triggered.No health worker was infected,and no unsafe burial and noncompliance to EVD control measures were recorded.The community-based measures were modeled to reduce 77 EVD cases,and the EVD-free goal was achieved four months earlier in study communities than whole country of Sierra Leone.Conclusions: The community-based strategy of social mobilization and community engagement was effective in casedetection and reducing the extent of Ebola transmission in a country with weak health system. The successfullypractical experience to reduce the risk of Ebola transmission in the community with poor resources would potentiallybe helpful for the global community to fight against the EVD and the other diseases in the future.展开更多
基金supported by the Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program,the Research and Development of Standards and Standardization of Nomenclature in the Field of Public Health-Research Project on the Development of the Disciplines of Public Health and Preventive Medicine[242402]the Shandong Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Plan[202112050731].
文摘Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingdao City from 2010 to 2022.Descriptive epidemiologic,seasonal decomposition,spatial autocorrelation,and spatio-temporal cluster analyses were performed.Results A total of 2,220 patients with HFRS were reported over the study period,with an average annual incidence of 1.89/100,000 and a case fatality rate of 2.52%.The male:female ratio was 2.8:1.75.3%of patients were aged between 16 and 60 years old,75.3%of patients were farmers,and 11.6%had both“three red”and“three pain”symptoms.The HFRS epidemic showed two-peak seasonality:the primary fall-winter peak and the minor spring peak.The HFRS epidemic presented highly spatially heterogeneous,street/township-level hot spots that were mostly distributed in Huangdao,Pingdu,and Jiaozhou.The spatio-temporal cluster analysis revealed three cluster areas in Qingdao City that were located in the south of Huangdao District during the fall-winter peak.Conclusion The distribution of HFRS in Qingdao exhibited periodic,seasonal,and regional characteristics,with high spatial clustering heterogeneity.The typical symptoms of“three red”and“three pain”in patients with HFRS were not obvious.
文摘Objective To evaluate the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） during its incubation period by investigating chains of transmission and individuals isolated for medical observation with a view to providing scientific evidence for updating protocols of medical isolation. Methods Individuals related with the two SARS chains of transmission in Beijing in 2003 and a group of individuals isolated for medical observation in Haidian district of Beijing during the SARS outbreak were selected as subjects of study. Contactors with SARS patients and those with symptom development following the contacts were investigated via questionnaire. Serum samples were collected from super transmitters and tested for SARS-CoV antibody by neutralization test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Results A total of 1 112 contactors were investigated in three surveys. Of them, 669 had a history of close contact with symptomatic SARS patients, 101 developed symptoms with a rate of 15.1%, 363 had a history of close contact with patients in their incubation period, none of whom developed symptoms （0%）. Serum samples were collected fi＇om 32 highly-exposed individuals, of whom 13 developing SARS symptoms atter contact had serum samples positive for SARS-CoV antibody. Samples collected from the asymptomatic contactors were all negative for SARS-CoV antibody. Conclusion SARS cases are infectious only during their symptomatic period and are non-infectious during the incubation period. Isolation for medical observation should be placed for individuals who are in close contact with symptomatic SARS patients. The results of our study are of decisive significance for the Ministry of Health to the definition of SARS close contactor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Project(grant number:71934002)of the People's Republic of China.
文摘The global epidemic of avian influenza has imposed a substantial disease burden, inciting substantial societal panic and economic losses. The high variability and associated uncertainty of the influenza virus present significant challenges in its prevention and control. As a pivotal strategy for the mitigation of avian influenza, the surveillance network has shown considerable growth at both global and regional levels. This includes the expansion of surveillance coverage, continuous refinement of monitoring content and scope, and rapid enhancement of monitoring quality. Although the ultimate goal of avian influenza surveillance remains uniform, strategies and models vary, reflecting regional or national differences in surveillance system frameworks and their implementation. This review collates and examines the features and experiences of global, regional, and national avian influenza surveillance efforts. Furthermore, it delves into the surveillance system modalities in light of the “One Health” concept, which includes the establishment and enhancement of interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation among medical, veterinary, and public health institutions, and the sharing of surveillance information for timely alerts.
基金supported by the Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Major Research plan from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China-the Platform of Construction of Clinical Trial of Vaccine. (Project number 2009ZX0004-806)
文摘Objective To evaluate the effect of the aluminum hydroxide （Al-OH） adjuvant on the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 （pH1N1） vaccine. Methods In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, participants received two doses of split-virion formulation containing 15 ug hemagglutinin antigen, with or without aluminum hydroxide （N-OH）. We classified the participants into six age categories （〉61 years, 41-60 years, 19-40 years, 13-18 years, 8-12 years, and 3-7 years） and obtained four blood samples from each participant on days 0, 21, 35, and 42 following the first dose of immunization. We assessed vaccine immunogenicity by measuring the geometric mean titer （GMT） of hemagglutination inhibiting antibody. We used a two-level model to evaluate the fixed effect of aluminum Al-OH and other factors, accounting for repeated measures. Results The predictions of repeated measurement on GMTs of formulations with or without Al-OH, were 80.35 and 112.72, respectively. Al-OH significantly reduced immunogenicity after controlling for time post immunization, age-group and gender. Conclusion The Al-OH adjuvant does not increase but actually reduces the immunogenicity of the split-virion pH1N1 vaccine.
基金supported by Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Programthe National Natural Science Foundation of China [81861138053]。
文摘Leclercia adecarboxylata is a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family.To our knowledge,this is the first report of a carbapenem-resistant L.adecarboxylata strain isolated from a healthy newborn.The L.adecarboxylata strain isolated in this study carried four plasmids that may serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes.Plasmids 2 and 4 did not harbor any antimicrobial resistance genes.Plasmid 3 is a novel plasmid containing three resistance genes.The bla IMP gene harbored in the strain was most similar to bla IMP-79 at the nucleotide level,with a similarity of 99.4%(737/741).This case highlights the importance of considering L.adecarboxylata as a potential cause of infections in children.
文摘What is already known about this topic?The inclusion of meningococcal vaccines in the National Immunization Program(NIP)over several years has significantly reduced the incidence of meningococcal meningitis in China to historic lows.Worldwide,there has been a diversification of meningococcal serogroups,leading to a shift in dominant serogroups in China from serogroup A to serogroups C and B,accompanied by a rise in reports of serogroups Y and W.What is added by this report?An outbreak of serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis(Nm)in a secondary vocational school involved a single confirmed severe case and 24 individuals with laboratory-confirmed Nm carriage.Epidemiological investigation revealed that the outbreak was localized to the classroom of the confirmed case.Prolonged close contact within a confined space was identified as a significant risk factor for Nm transmission.The genotype sequence identified was type 1655(ST-1655),which is categorized under clonal complex 23(CC-23)and bears resemblance to 8 previously confirmed cases of serogroup Y meningococcal meningitis within Guangdong Province.This suggests that serogroup Y infections continue to sporadically emerge and have become prevalent strains.What are the implications for public health practice?This outbreak underscores the critical need to enhance surveillance of meningococcal serogroups and population carrier,and advocate for vaccination with MenY-containing vaccines.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Develop-ment Program of China(No.2016YFC1303905)the Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program.
文摘Background:Nicotine dependence,also known as tobacco dependence,is a common chronic disease and a major risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases.The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of nicotine dependence and its changes among smokers aged 40 years and older in China,to analyze the characteristics of nicotine dependence among smokers,and to provide a reference for smoking cessation interventions.Methods:The data were sourced from nationally representative large-sample surveys conducted during 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 in the Chinese population,covering 125 counties(districts)in 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities.Variables related to smoking and nicotine dependence among residents≥40 years old were collected in face-to-face interviews.A total of 20,062 and 18,975 daily smokers were included in the 2014-2015 and 2019-2020 surveys,respectively.The severity of nicotine dependence was evaluated according to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and Heaviness of Smoking Index.The level and change in nicotine dependence among daily smokers aged≥40 years were estimated using a complex weighted sampling design,and their influencing factors were analyzed.Results:Levels of nicotine dependence among daily smokers aged≥40 years in China could be divided into very low,low,medium,high,and very high,accounting for 31.1%,27.9%,13.4%,20.5%,and 7.1%of the total,respectively.The average Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score was 3.9(95%confidence interval[CI]:3.8-4.0),with the prevalence of medium-high nicotine dependence being 41.0%(95%CI:39.0-42.9%)and that of high and very high nicotine dependence being 27.6%(95%CI:26.0-29.3%),both of which were significantly higher in men than in women(both P<0.001).Among daily smokers,those with a low education level,age at smoking initiation<18 years,and with smoking duration of≥20 years had a higher degree of nicotine dependence.In terms of geographic region,the level of medium-high nicotine dependence in South China was higher than in other areas,and the decline in the prevalence of high nicotine dependence was the greatest in Northwest China(P<0.001).The prevalence of medium-high and high and very high nicotine dependence was significantly higher in men with chronic respiratory symptoms,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),and/or chronic respiratory diseases than in men without these conditions(all P<0.05).The prevalence of high and very high nicotine dependence in women with chronic respiratory symptoms and chronic respiratory diseases was significantly higher than that in women without these conditions(both P<0.05).Compared with that during 2014-2015,the prevalence of high nicotine dependence among daily smokers decreased during 2019-2020 by 4.5 percentage points in the total population(P<0.001)and by 4.8 percentage points in men(P<0.001),with no significant change seen in women(P>0.05).Additionally,the prevalence of high nicotine dependence in men with chronic respiratory symptoms and COPD decreased by 6.7 and 4.7 percentage points,respectively(P<0.05),but showed no significant change in women with these conditions(P>0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of medium-high nicotine dependence was higher among daily smokers who were male;50-59 years old;unmarried/divorced/widowed/separated;engaged in agriculture,forestry,husbandry,fishery and water conservancy;had a low education level;started smoking before the age of 18 years;and smoked for more than 20 years.Conclusions:The past few years have seen a slight decline in the prevalence of high(severe)nicotine depen-dence among smokers aged≥40 years in China.However,41.0%of daily smokers had medium-high nicotine dependence,and 27.6%had high or very high nicotine dependence,with notable differences in population and geographic distributions.Development of tailored interventions,optimization of smoking cessation service sys-tems,and integration of smoking cessation into the management of chronic diseases will effectively reduce the burden of nicotine dependence in China.
基金The SARS-CoV-2 emergency special project of the Chinese Government and National Key Research and Development Project(Project No.2021YFC0863000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.72042012)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Project No.2017ZX10104001,2018ZX10713002,2018ZX10713001-003,and 2018ZX10711001).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Though coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has largely been controlled in China,several outbreaks of COVID-19 have occurred from importation of cases or of suspected virus-contaminated products.Though several outbreaks have been traced to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)isolated on the outer packaging of cold chain products,live virus has not been obtained.
文摘What is already known about this topic?Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB)is a type of tuberculosis with resistance to common treatments such as isoniazid and rifampicin.MDR-TB is a major global health challenge and needs to be controlled tightly through prevention measures,early diagnosis,and full treatment and management.What is added by this report?This outbreak was the first MDR-TB related public health emergency in Hubei Province.In total,five MDR-TB cases and nine clinically diagnosed cases were identified within one class in a secondary school.Students and teachers from other classes were monitored,but no other cases were found.What are the implications for public health practice?The implementation of TB prevention and control measures in schools is important to increase knowledge on TB and to raise awareness on protecting personal wellbeing.The Automatic Early Warning Information System alerted the local health department and allowed for a timely response to prevent further disease spread.
基金This work was supported by the Major Science and Technology Fund Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2017A03006-1)the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Research Fund Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2019001).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Worldwide,tuberculosis(TB)continues to be the most important cause of death from a single infectious agent,and China has a high TB burden.Although the reported incidence of TB in students is lower than that in general population,TB outbreaks in schools have continuously been reported in the past years,suggesting that schools are a high-risk setting for TB transmission.
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?In 2020,the implementation of non-medical interventions during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)epidemic has created a negative impact on tuberculosis(TB)control.It is unclear if the prevalence of TB among students in Guizhou Province was also affected.What is added by this report?Among TB cases,the proportion of student TB patients was 19.91%in the back-to-school period in 2020,which was higher than the 13.37%registered in 2017–2019,but this decreased in the COVID-19 pandemic period.The time interval between symptom onset and care-seeking of the student TB patients was the shortest in the back-to-school and physical checkup periods.What are the implications for public health practice?TB active screening was effective for timely detection and diagnosis of TB among students,which could prevent TB outbreaks in schools.
基金Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2020-PT330-005).
文摘On April 26,2021,a 33-year-old male Chinese sailor returning from India via Kathmandu,Nepal,tested positive for the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)by Chengdu Customs and was confirmed positive by Chengdu CDC(Case A).On May 2,2021,a housewife in the same flight tested positive for COVID-19 by Pengzhou CDC in Sichuan Province during her quarantine period and was confirmed positive by Chengdu CDC the next day(Case B).
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2018ZX10101002-003).
文摘What is already known about this topic?After the type 2 strain of the live,attenuated poliovirus vaccine was withdrawn globally in 2016,any identification of a type 2 poliovirus is a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.A vaccinederived type 2 poliovirus(VDPV2)was identified in Sichuan,prompting an urgent,comprehensive investigation and response.What is added by this report?Type 2 monovalent,live,attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine(mOPV2)is being used to respond to the numerous VDPV2 outbreaks seen around the world.In contrast,the response in Sichuan used Sabin strain inactivated poliovirus(sIPV)to stop circulation of the VDPV2.In the 6 months following the vaccination response,there have been no VDPV2s detected in Sichuan,despite extensive search.What are the implications for public health practices?Further search for the VDPV2 must continue in order to determine whether transmission has been stopped.The ongoing investigation and response to the Sichuan VDPV2 is providing evidence to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative on managing VDPV2 outbreaks.
基金The Emergency Response Mechanism Operation Program of China CDC(No.131031001000200001)The Medical Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.A2022027)The Key Project of Medicine Discipline of Guangzhou(No.2021-2023-11).
文摘Summary What is already known about this topic?Children with medical conditions frequently experience under-immunization.Ensuring high-quality immunization services is crucial for enhancing vaccination coverage levels;nevertheless,the state of immunization service provision for children with medical conditions in China remains unclear.What is added by this report?Immunization support for children with medical conditions in China demonstrates considerable variability and may be inadequate.Primary obstacles to the provision of immunization services include an absence of comprehensive vaccination recommendations and assessment guidelines for specific medical conditions,as well as inconsistencies among vaccine recommendations,package inserts,and expert consensus statements pertaining to the vaccination of children with medical conditions.What are the implications for public health practice?The examination of provincial practices in providing immunization services for children with medical conditions,as well as understanding the barriers faced by National Immunization Program providers in administering vaccinations,can contribute to the improvement of immunization services for this population in China.
基金This work was supported by Chongqing Health Commission(grant number 2019GDRC014)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant number 2019M660754).
文摘What is already known about this topic?The key epidemiological parameters including serial interval,basic reproductive number(R0),and effective reproductive number(Rt)are crucial for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)control and prevention.Previous studies provided different estimations but were often flawed by some limitations such as insufficient sample size and selection bias.What is added by this report?In this study,a total of 116 infector-infectee pairs meeting strict inclusion criteria were selected for analysis.The mean serial interval of COVID-19 was 5.81 days(standard deviation:3.24).The estimated mean with 95%confidence interval of R0 was 3.39(3.07–3.75)and 2.98(2.62–3.38)using exponential growth(EG)and maximum likelihood(ML)methods,respectively.The Rt in the early phase of the epidemic was above 1 with the peak of 4.43 occurring on January 8,and then showing subsequent declines and approaching 1 on January 24.What are the implications for public health practices?This study supports previous findings that COVID-19 has high transmissibility and that implementing comprehensive measures is effective in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak.
文摘A case of psittacosis was identified in Qingdao City,Shandong Province on May 4,2023.The patient,a 69-year-old retired male,was admitted to a medical facility on April 22,2023.His symptoms,which had persisted for two days prior to his admission,included a fever(reaching 38.4°C at its peak),an escalating cough,and wheezing,none of which had been previously treated.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42177418)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC0863000,2021YFC2301100).
文摘1.Introduction The first wave of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak in China's Mainland was declared controlled after April 2020.Since then,the origins of all local outbreaks were imported cases of COVID-19 infection or imported articles contaminated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)[1],[2],[3].The volume of import and export trade in China is enormous,and the entry of SARS-CoV-2-contaminated articles into China is inevitable.Additionally,SARS-CoV-2 can survive on the surface of noncold-chain products for prolonged periods in cold environments during fall and winter[4],[5],[6].
文摘What is already known about this topic?A common food that has been associated globally with rhabdomyolysis syndrome is freshwater fish including freshwater cod,barracuda,buffalo fish,and pomfret.However,cases caused by freshwater fish have been relatively rare in China.What is added by this report?In this investigation,a cluster of five cases of rhabdomyolysis syndrome were found that were linked to consumption of carp testes and eggs,one of the first carp-related rhabdomyolysis syndrome cases reported in China.What are the implications for public health practice?To avoid similar incidents,food safety education for local residents needs to be prioritized and implemented.In addition,case monitoring of rhabdomyolysis syndrome should be strengthened through more thorough collection of epidemiological data and monitoring of pathogenic foods.
文摘What is already known on this topic?Human brucellosis,a neglected zoonotic disease,causes more than 500,000 new cases each year globally.The disease is of major public health concern in China,and northern provinces are traditionally endemic areas.What is added by this report?This is the first published outbreak of occupational brucellosis involving multiple clusters in Hubei Province.This investigation characterizes the transmission chain of the outbreak and reveals that provinces south of the Yangtze River are faced with a series of challenges and hurdles to overcome including,but not limited to,health education,law enforcement,and occupational protection.What are the implications for public health practice?In addition to measures aimed at this outbreak,the local agricultural department has issued special notices based on this investigation to adjust and strengthen local eradication program of brucellosis.
基金National Health and Family Planning Commission,and Ministry of Commerce,China.
文摘Background:The Ebola virus disease spread rapidly in West Africa in 2014,leading to the loss of thousands of lives.Community engagement was one of the key strategies to interrupt Ebola transmission,and practical community level measures needed to be explored in the field and tailored to the specific context of communities.Methods:First,community-level education on Ebola virus disease(EVD)prevention was launched for the community’s social mobilizers in six districts in Sierra Leone beginning in November 2014.Then,from January to May of 2015,in three pilot communities,local trained community members were organized to engage in implementation of EVD prevention and transmission interruption measures,by involving them in alert case report,contact tracing,and social mobilization.The epidemiological indicators of transmission interruption in three study communities were evaluated.Results:A total of 6016 community social mobilizers from 185 wards were trained by holding 279 workshops in the six districts,and EVD message reached an estimated 631680 residents.In three pilot communities,72 EVD alert cases were reported,with 70.8%of them detected by trained local community members,and 14 EVD cases were finally identified.Contact tracing detected 64.3%of EVD cases.The median duration of community infectivity for the cases was 1 day.The secondary attack rate was 4.2%,and no third generation of infection was triggered.No health worker was infected,and no unsafe burial and noncompliance to EVD control measures were recorded.The community-based measures were modeled to reduce 77 EVD cases,and the EVD-free goal was achieved four months earlier in study communities than whole country of Sierra Leone.Conclusions: The community-based strategy of social mobilization and community engagement was effective in casedetection and reducing the extent of Ebola transmission in a country with weak health system. The successfullypractical experience to reduce the risk of Ebola transmission in the community with poor resources would potentiallybe helpful for the global community to fight against the EVD and the other diseases in the future.
