Rapid urbanization and urban greening have caused great changes to urban forests in China. Understanding spatiotemporal patterns of urban forest leaf area index(LAI) under rapid urbanization and urban greening is impo...Rapid urbanization and urban greening have caused great changes to urban forests in China. Understanding spatiotemporal patterns of urban forest leaf area index(LAI) under rapid urbanization and urban greening is important for urban forest planning and management. We evaluated the potential for estimating urban forest LAI spatiotemporally by using Landsat TM imagery. We collected three scenes of Landsat TM(thematic mapper)images acquired in 1997, 2004 and 2010 and conducted a field survey to collect urban forest LAI. Finally, spatiotemporal maps of the urban forest LAI were created using a NDVI-based urban forest LAI predictive model.Our results show that normalized differential vegetation index(NDVI) could be used as a predictor for urban forest LAI similar to natural forests. Both rapid urbanization and urban greening contribute to the changing process of urban forest LAI. The urban forest has changed considerably from 1997 to 2010. Urban vegetated pixels decreased gradually from 1997 to 2010 due to intensive urbanization.Leaf area for the study area was 216.4, 145.2 and173.7 km~2 in the years 1997, 2004 and 2010, respectively.Urban forest LAI decreased sharply from 1997 to 2004 and increased slightly from 2004 to 2010 because of numerous greening policies. The urban forest LAI class distributions were skewed toward low values in 1997 and 2004. Moreover, the LAI presented a decreasing trend from suburban to downtown areas. We demonstrate the usefulness of TM remote-sensing in understanding spatiotemporal changing patterns of urban forest LAI under rapid urbanization and urban greening.展开更多
Water is one of the fundamental resources for the survival of humanity and during the centuries in all the world it became integral part of building and garden architecture. For this reason, starting from general cons...Water is one of the fundamental resources for the survival of humanity and during the centuries in all the world it became integral part of building and garden architecture. For this reason, starting from general considerations of our countries of origin, we wanted to collect in this article some of the most representative examples of water treatment all over the world in three different fields: the outdoor spaces, the indoor spaces and the in-between spaces, both public and private, to mark the role of water in the designing of architectural process in the last 25 years and proposals for the future not so far.展开更多
Architecture and science have always been interrelated for educational purposes.For this reason the course of Interior Architecture and Exhibit Design at Master of Science in Architecture Construction City of Politecn...Architecture and science have always been interrelated for educational purposes.For this reason the course of Interior Architecture and Exhibit Design at Master of Science in Architecture Construction City of Politecnico di Torino,starting from the knowledge of the role of the Academy and its scientific content,proposed new and current forms of exhibits and communication in respect of the courtly architecture that is called to emphasize with its language the authority and perennial values of the sciences.展开更多
In addition to personal hygiene, bathrooms also have an important function at the emotional level when it comes to taking time out, indulging and relaxing. Planners are increasingly required to deal with customer desi...In addition to personal hygiene, bathrooms also have an important function at the emotional level when it comes to taking time out, indulging and relaxing. Planners are increasingly required to deal with customer desires and offer personalised solutions, in addition to knowing about the technical requirements and movement areas of sanitary facilities. Besides producing well designed floor plans, experts need to take into account sustainability and accessibility, as well as materials, light, colour, fixtures and fittings which have seen a big evolution during the years.展开更多
Internal migration motivated by access to higher education is a relatively unexplored topic in Colombia,leading to a lack of data on its dimensions,characteristics,and impacts on urban space and the emotional conditio...Internal migration motivated by access to higher education is a relatively unexplored topic in Colombia,leading to a lack of data on its dimensions,characteristics,and impacts on urban space and the emotional conditions of migrants.For this reason,an academic program of architecture in a public university was selected to comprehend the internal migrations of students,exploring their territorial experiences,living conditions,and social mobility capacity.An exploratory methodology was designed to recognize the phenomenon through a descriptive analysis,utilizing institutional data,surveys,and interviews.The research identifies the primary reasons,barriers,and impacts experienced by the migrant population in Ibagué,Colombia.The study concludes with recommendations pertaining to both institutional and urban planning to address these identified challenges.展开更多
The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this pap...The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.展开更多
The preparation and cooking of food is part of everyday life from the moment in which man began to cook meat on fire; thusa process has begun that has led the space where these functions are carried out to becoming on...The preparation and cooking of food is part of everyday life from the moment in which man began to cook meat on fire; thusa process has begun that has led the space where these functions are carried out to becoming one of the most significant environments inthe house. With the passing of time and changing needs, the kitchen has undergone substantial changes both in terms of its location andimportance within the house, and for its furnishings and equipment.展开更多
The metropolises of the global south are often considered out of rules as a distinct urban“species”while cities of the global north are commonly recognized for their development,organization,and operation.The dualit...The metropolises of the global south are often considered out of rules as a distinct urban“species”while cities of the global north are commonly recognized for their development,organization,and operation.The duality that arises in Latin American cities is between the advancement of its infrastructure and the provision of goods and services.This duality is physically manifested in urban space,as well as the increase of spatial segregation and social inequality.Fragments,patches,archipelagos,and countless denominations that narrow the“disorder”of these cities contrast with the good practices they develop to increase the quality of life of their inhabitants.Life in public space is one of the interrelationships that occur in cities,but in some spaces in Latin American cities are considered fragments and uncertain spaces of the city without defined uses due to the characteristics of some of these spaces.These spaces,specifically in Colombian cities,commonly divide the large areas of poverty with the few areas of wealth,providing greater inequality and socio-spatial segregation.Considering Latin America as the most violent and inequitable region in the world explains why the research of recent decades in these cities has focused on understanding the causes and finding answers to minimize poverty,and inequality.These phenomena will not find the full answers in architecture nor urbanism;however,actions from these two disciplines are required to materialize opportunities for all the cities.Thus,the purpose of the research,based on literature review,methodological terms,and collection of information is reframing the role of public space as a potential for articulation with the deficit of public space and as a tool of urban development.展开更多
Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding ri...Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding risk.Sustainable urban design strategies can contribute to counteract the negative impact of anthropic activities both at city-scale and global scale.Green and Blue Infrastructure(GBI)approaches,in particular,are an alternative to stormwater traditional management.In Europe,Sustainable Drainage System implementation copes with impervious surfaces to achieve water quality,amenity,and biodiversity increase.Best Management Practices,developed mainly in the USA,focus on specific measures for sustainable stormwater treatment.Water Sensitive Urban Design,spread in Australia and England,also aims to minimise the impact of developed areas preventing flood risk,limiting water consumption and enhancing environmental quality.In the USA and Canada,Low Impact Development offers design strategies to manage runoff and deliver structural practices to mimic predevelopment processes of infiltration,filtration and detention.展开更多
New nomadism is a movement of global intensification that configures ways of living, inhabiting, and being in the world. The case studies of the temporary residences in Turin, in areas characterized by problems of urb...New nomadism is a movement of global intensification that configures ways of living, inhabiting, and being in the world. The case studies of the temporary residences in Turin, in areas characterized by problems of urban decay and social tensions with a high rate of immigration, are both a technical and social experimental intervention aiming, through the recovery of the existing degraded property, to transform it into a new living model of social housing, from which it will benefit not only the residents but also the entire urban area. The concept of the spaces has profoundly changed. It is no longer tied to the domestic and work sphere only, it now includes all places of associated and collective life.展开更多
Mechanization Takes Command is the title of a book written by Sigfrid Giedion in 1948,which can be considered the first essay on the history of technology,where great importance is given to the furniture too.It covers...Mechanization Takes Command is the title of a book written by Sigfrid Giedion in 1948,which can be considered the first essay on the history of technology,where great importance is given to the furniture too.It covers almost a millennium of inventions.Mechanical furniture helps us to save space,they can transform the rooms where we are living or working.Mechanization is a concept not only referred to an object.What I would like to analyse in this paper is the comparison of three levels of mechanization in housing projects,each able to modify and transform spaces,acting on the single room,on the internal volume and also on the façade.展开更多
The mission to collect significant and valuable objects and to preserve them in a specially dedicated place,assumes various and different characteristics over the centuries.Nowadays the museum,from a privileged place ...The mission to collect significant and valuable objects and to preserve them in a specially dedicated place,assumes various and different characteristics over the centuries.Nowadays the museum,from a privileged place of conservation and exhibition,is increasingly establishing itself as a powerful medium of social communication and commercial and tourist enhancement.展开更多
Adaptive models are based on the observation that there are some actions that people can and actually do take to achieve thermal comfort. Studies regarding thermal comfort conditions in economical dwellings were carri...Adaptive models are based on the observation that there are some actions that people can and actually do take to achieve thermal comfort. Studies regarding thermal comfort conditions in economical dwellings were carried out simultaneously in seven Mexican cities, corresponding to warm dry and warm humid climates. In this article, case studies of low-cost dwellings in the city of Hermosillo （in northwest Mexico）, are presented and analyzed. Field surveys were carried out to obtain information about the physical characteristics of the dwellings and their occupants, as well as the indoor thermal environment. Neutral temperature was obtained from the applied survey. The high neutral temperature reveals the effect of inhabitants＇ adaptation mechanism to extreme climates. Occupant comfort votes as a function of indoor air temperatures were analyzed, and different characteristics such as age, size and gender were evaluated separately. The results show the variability of the neutral temperature and the tolerance to temperature changes, depending on the population＇s specific characteristics. In many cases where the population does not have access to artificial acclimatization devices, the neutral temperature values for specific climates and people can inform architects when choosing the most suitable thermal strategies for building design.展开更多
The shapes of trees are complex and fractal-like, and they have a set of physical, mechanical and biological functions. The relation between them always draws attention of human beings throughout history and, focusing...The shapes of trees are complex and fractal-like, and they have a set of physical, mechanical and biological functions. The relation between them always draws attention of human beings throughout history and, focusing on the relation between shape and structural strength, architects have designed a number of treelike structures, referred as dendriforms. The replication and adoption of the treelike patterns for constructing architectural structures have been varied in different time periods based on the existing and advanced knowledge and available technologies. This paper, by briefly discussing the biological functions and the mechanical properties of trees with regard to their shapes, overviews and investigates the chronological evolution and advancements of dendriform and arboreal structures in architec- ture referring to some important historical as well as contemporary examples.展开更多
One of the main reasons for the decline of urban historic areas in China is the coexistence of multiple property rights.It also deeply affects conservation and regeneration practice.This paper aims to propose a graphi...One of the main reasons for the decline of urban historic areas in China is the coexistence of multiple property rights.It also deeply affects conservation and regeneration practice.This paper aims to propose a graphical method that illustrates the association between property rights,space,and resident behavior.Based on typological maps and justified graphs,a three-step method was proposed to visualize the relationships between these three elements.The final graph and quantitative data were used to observe the evolution of the courtyard building from a diachronic perspective,as well as to compare the residential behavior in different types from a synchronic perspective.The results show that following the subdivision of property rights,the building layout become more diverse due to various illegal additions,while the residential behavior within different building types tends to be consistent.Moreover,the study observed the traditional Chinese courtyard buildings’adaptability.The findings contribute to understand the evolution of Chinese urban historic areas and internal motivation,and provide guidance for the conservation and regeneration practice.展开更多
Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading proper...Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.展开更多
According to the contributions coming from different fields of research-from aesthetics to cognitive science-the paper intends to address the topic of urban transformation within the framework of the concept of “affe...According to the contributions coming from different fields of research-from aesthetics to cognitive science-the paper intends to address the topic of urban transformation within the framework of the concept of “affective space”, which associates the emotions with all stimuli both internal to the agent and within its environment. The central research question will be： what is the influence of the affective sphere on changes that take place in the city and vice versa how much do these changes affect the emotional sphere？ By placing subjects at the center of the research, the paper intends to study the relationship between individuals-as well as groups and communities-and urban spaces they inhabit. This can be done by guaranteeing centrality to the pre-reflective emotional impact that spatial situations produce on subjects, where for “spatial situation” it is intended the inclusive description of a specific condition, including both the material articulation of space and its intangible qualities that influence the subject’s emotional sphere.展开更多
The pervasive diffusion of digital technologies opened up to new concepts in managing and monitoring the processes occurring in our society.Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs)become enabling tools to reth...The pervasive diffusion of digital technologies opened up to new concepts in managing and monitoring the processes occurring in our society.Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs)become enabling tools to rethink our way of living,consuming and producing goods and services.Among these,the Internet of Things(IoT)represents the disruptive technology that may redefine the stages of the building process to meet renewed environmental challenges.This new technological paradigm imports in the Architecture,Engineering and Construction(AEC)sector new and not-tectonic instances.In this context,the paper maps the experiences related to the use of IoT for managing the building process.Through a systematic literature review,the article highlights the potential benefits generable by a widespread integration of IoT in the AEC sector.In particular,the article has three purposes:defining the IoT infrastructure for its proper application in the AEC sector;identifying IoT main application domains;investigating the integration modalities.展开更多
Over time,the traditional house in central Iran,which Tehran geographically belongs to,has undergone deep physical and morphological changes as a result of technological,social and economic transformations,passing fro...Over time,the traditional house in central Iran,which Tehran geographically belongs to,has undergone deep physical and morphological changes as a result of technological,social and economic transformations,passing from the characteristics of an introverted house enclosed by walls overlooking an inner courtyard to the multi-storey condominium with an extroverted outlook.Here the façade becomes a key element:it is a threshold between urban and private,outdoor and indoor.The article shows a mosaic of patterns and materials of the new mid-rise residential building façades via photographs and diagrams to emphasize the strict connection between contemporary design and local tradition.展开更多
There has been an increasing level of recognition of the interaction between cultural mega-events and built heritage in recent years.While research has broadly identifed the need to align strategies and visions,as wel...There has been an increasing level of recognition of the interaction between cultural mega-events and built heritage in recent years.While research has broadly identifed the need to align strategies and visions,as well as involve heritage actors and local communities,there has not been a systematic investigation of the position of industrial heritage within this tableau.This paper examines in depth the European Capital of Culture(ECoC)programme,as it is one of the longest standing Capital of Culture programmes in the world and has a signifcant record of investment and urban transformation.In this paper,we survey and categorise the inclusion of industrial heritage within the ECoC programme in 36 host cities and regions spread across Europe.This research provides the most comprehensive understanding to date of the specifc forms of interaction between industrial heritage and ECoCs to better understand the kinds of relationships that have taken place.We then explore in detail the projects and decisions made in the cases of the 2023 Elefsina,2017 Pafos and 2008 Liverpool ECoCs.展开更多
基金supported by The CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams(KZZD-EW-TZ-07-09)Foundation for Excellent Young Scholars of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(DLSYQ13004)One Hundred Talents Program in Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y3H1051001)
文摘Rapid urbanization and urban greening have caused great changes to urban forests in China. Understanding spatiotemporal patterns of urban forest leaf area index(LAI) under rapid urbanization and urban greening is important for urban forest planning and management. We evaluated the potential for estimating urban forest LAI spatiotemporally by using Landsat TM imagery. We collected three scenes of Landsat TM(thematic mapper)images acquired in 1997, 2004 and 2010 and conducted a field survey to collect urban forest LAI. Finally, spatiotemporal maps of the urban forest LAI were created using a NDVI-based urban forest LAI predictive model.Our results show that normalized differential vegetation index(NDVI) could be used as a predictor for urban forest LAI similar to natural forests. Both rapid urbanization and urban greening contribute to the changing process of urban forest LAI. The urban forest has changed considerably from 1997 to 2010. Urban vegetated pixels decreased gradually from 1997 to 2010 due to intensive urbanization.Leaf area for the study area was 216.4, 145.2 and173.7 km~2 in the years 1997, 2004 and 2010, respectively.Urban forest LAI decreased sharply from 1997 to 2004 and increased slightly from 2004 to 2010 because of numerous greening policies. The urban forest LAI class distributions were skewed toward low values in 1997 and 2004. Moreover, the LAI presented a decreasing trend from suburban to downtown areas. We demonstrate the usefulness of TM remote-sensing in understanding spatiotemporal changing patterns of urban forest LAI under rapid urbanization and urban greening.
文摘Water is one of the fundamental resources for the survival of humanity and during the centuries in all the world it became integral part of building and garden architecture. For this reason, starting from general considerations of our countries of origin, we wanted to collect in this article some of the most representative examples of water treatment all over the world in three different fields: the outdoor spaces, the indoor spaces and the in-between spaces, both public and private, to mark the role of water in the designing of architectural process in the last 25 years and proposals for the future not so far.
文摘Architecture and science have always been interrelated for educational purposes.For this reason the course of Interior Architecture and Exhibit Design at Master of Science in Architecture Construction City of Politecnico di Torino,starting from the knowledge of the role of the Academy and its scientific content,proposed new and current forms of exhibits and communication in respect of the courtly architecture that is called to emphasize with its language the authority and perennial values of the sciences.
文摘In addition to personal hygiene, bathrooms also have an important function at the emotional level when it comes to taking time out, indulging and relaxing. Planners are increasingly required to deal with customer desires and offer personalised solutions, in addition to knowing about the technical requirements and movement areas of sanitary facilities. Besides producing well designed floor plans, experts need to take into account sustainability and accessibility, as well as materials, light, colour, fixtures and fittings which have seen a big evolution during the years.
文摘Internal migration motivated by access to higher education is a relatively unexplored topic in Colombia,leading to a lack of data on its dimensions,characteristics,and impacts on urban space and the emotional conditions of migrants.For this reason,an academic program of architecture in a public university was selected to comprehend the internal migrations of students,exploring their territorial experiences,living conditions,and social mobility capacity.An exploratory methodology was designed to recognize the phenomenon through a descriptive analysis,utilizing institutional data,surveys,and interviews.The research identifies the primary reasons,barriers,and impacts experienced by the migrant population in Ibagué,Colombia.The study concludes with recommendations pertaining to both institutional and urban planning to address these identified challenges.
文摘The territory of the Republic of Macedonia is divided to geographical regions, in which different types of monuments and houses from Ottoman character can be found. The monuments and regions presented through this paper do not cover all the regions of Macedonia but only the territories of Skopje, the capital of Macedonia and Ohrid. This paper involves a research of Ottoman housing and settlements in Macedonia according to the architectural characteristics and settlement textures using old-new photographs, related literature, internet sources and site investigation. The rich vernacular traditions we inherited from Ottoman ancestors would be a source for inspiring the architects in establishing the guiding principles for new buildings in Macedonia. Finally, this study concludes with some ways forward on how to attain cultural continuity for achieving sustainable development in the long run.
文摘The preparation and cooking of food is part of everyday life from the moment in which man began to cook meat on fire; thusa process has begun that has led the space where these functions are carried out to becoming one of the most significant environments inthe house. With the passing of time and changing needs, the kitchen has undergone substantial changes both in terms of its location andimportance within the house, and for its furnishings and equipment.
文摘The metropolises of the global south are often considered out of rules as a distinct urban“species”while cities of the global north are commonly recognized for their development,organization,and operation.The duality that arises in Latin American cities is between the advancement of its infrastructure and the provision of goods and services.This duality is physically manifested in urban space,as well as the increase of spatial segregation and social inequality.Fragments,patches,archipelagos,and countless denominations that narrow the“disorder”of these cities contrast with the good practices they develop to increase the quality of life of their inhabitants.Life in public space is one of the interrelationships that occur in cities,but in some spaces in Latin American cities are considered fragments and uncertain spaces of the city without defined uses due to the characteristics of some of these spaces.These spaces,specifically in Colombian cities,commonly divide the large areas of poverty with the few areas of wealth,providing greater inequality and socio-spatial segregation.Considering Latin America as the most violent and inequitable region in the world explains why the research of recent decades in these cities has focused on understanding the causes and finding answers to minimize poverty,and inequality.These phenomena will not find the full answers in architecture nor urbanism;however,actions from these two disciplines are required to materialize opportunities for all the cities.Thus,the purpose of the research,based on literature review,methodological terms,and collection of information is reframing the role of public space as a potential for articulation with the deficit of public space and as a tool of urban development.
文摘Water quality,flooding risk,and water consumption in urban areas are emerging issues.Urban impervious surfaces increase stormwater runoff,affecting ecosystems and leading to hydrogeological instability and flooding risk.Sustainable urban design strategies can contribute to counteract the negative impact of anthropic activities both at city-scale and global scale.Green and Blue Infrastructure(GBI)approaches,in particular,are an alternative to stormwater traditional management.In Europe,Sustainable Drainage System implementation copes with impervious surfaces to achieve water quality,amenity,and biodiversity increase.Best Management Practices,developed mainly in the USA,focus on specific measures for sustainable stormwater treatment.Water Sensitive Urban Design,spread in Australia and England,also aims to minimise the impact of developed areas preventing flood risk,limiting water consumption and enhancing environmental quality.In the USA and Canada,Low Impact Development offers design strategies to manage runoff and deliver structural practices to mimic predevelopment processes of infiltration,filtration and detention.
文摘New nomadism is a movement of global intensification that configures ways of living, inhabiting, and being in the world. The case studies of the temporary residences in Turin, in areas characterized by problems of urban decay and social tensions with a high rate of immigration, are both a technical and social experimental intervention aiming, through the recovery of the existing degraded property, to transform it into a new living model of social housing, from which it will benefit not only the residents but also the entire urban area. The concept of the spaces has profoundly changed. It is no longer tied to the domestic and work sphere only, it now includes all places of associated and collective life.
文摘Mechanization Takes Command is the title of a book written by Sigfrid Giedion in 1948,which can be considered the first essay on the history of technology,where great importance is given to the furniture too.It covers almost a millennium of inventions.Mechanical furniture helps us to save space,they can transform the rooms where we are living or working.Mechanization is a concept not only referred to an object.What I would like to analyse in this paper is the comparison of three levels of mechanization in housing projects,each able to modify and transform spaces,acting on the single room,on the internal volume and also on the façade.
文摘The mission to collect significant and valuable objects and to preserve them in a specially dedicated place,assumes various and different characteristics over the centuries.Nowadays the museum,from a privileged place of conservation and exhibition,is increasingly establishing itself as a powerful medium of social communication and commercial and tourist enhancement.
文摘Adaptive models are based on the observation that there are some actions that people can and actually do take to achieve thermal comfort. Studies regarding thermal comfort conditions in economical dwellings were carried out simultaneously in seven Mexican cities, corresponding to warm dry and warm humid climates. In this article, case studies of low-cost dwellings in the city of Hermosillo （in northwest Mexico）, are presented and analyzed. Field surveys were carried out to obtain information about the physical characteristics of the dwellings and their occupants, as well as the indoor thermal environment. Neutral temperature was obtained from the applied survey. The high neutral temperature reveals the effect of inhabitants＇ adaptation mechanism to extreme climates. Occupant comfort votes as a function of indoor air temperatures were analyzed, and different characteristics such as age, size and gender were evaluated separately. The results show the variability of the neutral temperature and the tolerance to temperature changes, depending on the population＇s specific characteristics. In many cases where the population does not have access to artificial acclimatization devices, the neutral temperature values for specific climates and people can inform architects when choosing the most suitable thermal strategies for building design.
文摘The shapes of trees are complex and fractal-like, and they have a set of physical, mechanical and biological functions. The relation between them always draws attention of human beings throughout history and, focusing on the relation between shape and structural strength, architects have designed a number of treelike structures, referred as dendriforms. The replication and adoption of the treelike patterns for constructing architectural structures have been varied in different time periods based on the existing and advanced knowledge and available technologies. This paper, by briefly discussing the biological functions and the mechanical properties of trees with regard to their shapes, overviews and investigates the chronological evolution and advancements of dendriform and arboreal structures in architec- ture referring to some important historical as well as contemporary examples.
基金This work was supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant No.2020M681458)the National Natural Science Foundation of China for project"Research on the Mechanism and Method of Conservation and Regenerationof Historic Areasunder the Background of Coexistence of Multiple Property Rights--a Case Study of Nanjing Old City"(grant No.52008083).
文摘One of the main reasons for the decline of urban historic areas in China is the coexistence of multiple property rights.It also deeply affects conservation and regeneration practice.This paper aims to propose a graphical method that illustrates the association between property rights,space,and resident behavior.Based on typological maps and justified graphs,a three-step method was proposed to visualize the relationships between these three elements.The final graph and quantitative data were used to observe the evolution of the courtyard building from a diachronic perspective,as well as to compare the residential behavior in different types from a synchronic perspective.The results show that following the subdivision of property rights,the building layout become more diverse due to various illegal additions,while the residential behavior within different building types tends to be consistent.Moreover,the study observed the traditional Chinese courtyard buildings’adaptability.The findings contribute to understand the evolution of Chinese urban historic areas and internal motivation,and provide guidance for the conservation and regeneration practice.
文摘Landscape elements in residential areas can effectively improve the outdoor thermal environment,with different outcomes depending on the climate conditions.This study explores how the ground surface and shading properties affect the outdoor thermal environment in a high-altitude plateau climate where few studies have been conducted.The measurements were conducted during summer and winter in a residential area in Lhasa,Tibet.Without natural shading such as trees,there is a positive correlation between Sky-view factor(SVF)and Physiological equivalent temperature(PET)during winter and a negative correlation during summer.When SVF exceeds 0.65 in summer,it may cause human discomfort.Compared to artificial shading such as a tensioned membrane,deciduous trees are superior at improving human comfort,as they can increase PET by 10.56℃ in winter and decrease it by 9.73℃ in summer.During summer,high-reflection water-permeable bricks can reduce the PET by 1.08℃,and lawns can reduce the mean rachation temperature(Tmrt)by 1.650C;however,the lawns may produce a microclimate with a high air temperature.The results from this paper can be used as a reference for landscape planning and design in residential areas in high-altitude cold-climate regions.
文摘According to the contributions coming from different fields of research-from aesthetics to cognitive science-the paper intends to address the topic of urban transformation within the framework of the concept of “affective space”, which associates the emotions with all stimuli both internal to the agent and within its environment. The central research question will be： what is the influence of the affective sphere on changes that take place in the city and vice versa how much do these changes affect the emotional sphere？ By placing subjects at the center of the research, the paper intends to study the relationship between individuals-as well as groups and communities-and urban spaces they inhabit. This can be done by guaranteeing centrality to the pre-reflective emotional impact that spatial situations produce on subjects, where for “spatial situation” it is intended the inclusive description of a specific condition, including both the material articulation of space and its intangible qualities that influence the subject’s emotional sphere.
文摘The pervasive diffusion of digital technologies opened up to new concepts in managing and monitoring the processes occurring in our society.Information and Communication Technologies(ICTs)become enabling tools to rethink our way of living,consuming and producing goods and services.Among these,the Internet of Things(IoT)represents the disruptive technology that may redefine the stages of the building process to meet renewed environmental challenges.This new technological paradigm imports in the Architecture,Engineering and Construction(AEC)sector new and not-tectonic instances.In this context,the paper maps the experiences related to the use of IoT for managing the building process.Through a systematic literature review,the article highlights the potential benefits generable by a widespread integration of IoT in the AEC sector.In particular,the article has three purposes:defining the IoT infrastructure for its proper application in the AEC sector;identifying IoT main application domains;investigating the integration modalities.
基金When I was in Tehran three years ago,I had the opportunity to visit and meet some architects:this was the starting point to investigate Iranian architecture,especially the residential sector.I would like to acknowledge the seven architectural firms which answered my call and sent me photos and diagrams of the case studies chosen:Admun Studio,Faezeh Hadian Design Studio,Alidoost&Partners,Keivani Architects,Ayeneh Office,TDC Office.Thanks also go to Parham Rashidi for his valuable support in contacting the architects.
文摘Over time,the traditional house in central Iran,which Tehran geographically belongs to,has undergone deep physical and morphological changes as a result of technological,social and economic transformations,passing from the characteristics of an introverted house enclosed by walls overlooking an inner courtyard to the multi-storey condominium with an extroverted outlook.Here the façade becomes a key element:it is a threshold between urban and private,outdoor and indoor.The article shows a mosaic of patterns and materials of the new mid-rise residential building façades via photographs and diagrams to emphasize the strict connection between contemporary design and local tradition.
文摘There has been an increasing level of recognition of the interaction between cultural mega-events and built heritage in recent years.While research has broadly identifed the need to align strategies and visions,as well as involve heritage actors and local communities,there has not been a systematic investigation of the position of industrial heritage within this tableau.This paper examines in depth the European Capital of Culture(ECoC)programme,as it is one of the longest standing Capital of Culture programmes in the world and has a signifcant record of investment and urban transformation.In this paper,we survey and categorise the inclusion of industrial heritage within the ECoC programme in 36 host cities and regions spread across Europe.This research provides the most comprehensive understanding to date of the specifc forms of interaction between industrial heritage and ECoCs to better understand the kinds of relationships that have taken place.We then explore in detail the projects and decisions made in the cases of the 2023 Elefsina,2017 Pafos and 2008 Liverpool ECoCs.
