The path-following control design for an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)requires prior full or partial knowledge about the mathematical model defined through Newton’s second law based on a geometrical investigatio...The path-following control design for an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)requires prior full or partial knowledge about the mathematical model defined through Newton’s second law based on a geometrical investigation.AUV dynamics are highly nonlinear and time-varying,facing unpredictable disturbances due to AUVs operating in deep,hazardous oceanic environments.Consequently,navigation guidance and control systems for AUVs must learn and adapt to the time-varying dynamics of the nonlinear fully coupled vehicle model in the presence of highly unstructured underwater operating conditions.Many control engineers focus on the application of robust model-free adaptive control techniques in AUV maneuvers.Hence,the main goal is to design a novel salp swarm optimization of super twisting algorithm-based secondorder sliding mode controller for the planar path-following control of an AUV through regulation of the heading angle parameter.The finite time for tracking error convergence in the horizontal plane is provided through the control structure architecture,particularly for lateral deviations from the desired path.The proposed control law is designed such that it steers a robotic vehicle to track a predefined planar path at a constant speed determined by an end-user,without any temporal specification.Finally,the efficacy and tracking accuracy are evaluated through comparative analysis based on simulation and experimental hardware-in-loop assessment without violating the input constraints.Moreover,the proposed control law can handle parametric uncertainties and unpredictable disturbances such as ocean currents,wind,and measurement noise.展开更多
In this paper, a parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative （FP＋FI＋FD） controller is proposed. It is derived from the conventional parallel proportional-integral-derivative （PID） contr...In this paper, a parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative （FP＋FI＋FD） controller is proposed. It is derived from the conventional parallel proportional-integral-derivative （PID） controller. It preserves the linear structure of a conventional parallel PID controller, with analytical formulas. The final shape of the controller is a discrete-time fuzzy version of a conventional parallel PID controller. Computer simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the FP＋FI＋FD controller for setpoint tracking and load-disturbance rejection for some complex processes, such as first- and second-order processes with delay, inverse response process with and without delay and higher order processes. Also, the performance of the proposed fuzzy controller is evaluated experimentally on highly nonlinear liquid-flow process with a hysteresis characteristic due to a pneumatic control valve. The simulation and real time control is done using National InstrumentTM hardware and software （LabVIEWTM）. The response of the FP＋FI＋FD controller is compared with the conventional parallel PID controller, tuned with the Ziegler-Nichols （Z-H） and /~strSm- H^gglund （A-H） tuning technique. It is observed that the FP＋FI＋FD controller performed much better than the conventional PI/PID controller. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed parallel FP＋FI＋FD controller.展开更多
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)or drones introduced for military applications are gaining popularity in several other fields as well such as security and surveillance,due to their ability to perform repetitive and tedi...Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)or drones introduced for military applications are gaining popularity in several other fields as well such as security and surveillance,due to their ability to perform repetitive and tedious tasks in hazardous environments.Their increased demand created the requirement for enabling the UAVs to traverse independently through the Three Dimensional(3D)flight environment consisting of various obstacles which have been efficiently addressed by metaheuristics in past literature.However,not a single optimization algorithms can solve all kind of optimization problem effectively.Therefore,there is dire need to integrate metaheuristic for general acceptability.To address this issue,in this paper,a novel reinforcement learning controlled Grey Wolf Optimisation-Archimedes Optimisation Algorithm(QGA)has been exhaustively introduced and exhaustively validated firstly on 22 benchmark functions and then,utilized to obtain the optimum flyable path without collision for UAVs in three dimensional environment.The performance of the developed QGA has been compared against the various metaheuristics.The simulation experimental results reveal that the QGA algorithm acquire a feasible and effective flyable path more efficiently in complicated environment.展开更多
In recent years, Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) have received much attention. This study tries to develop a SSVEP based BCI system that can control a wheel...In recent years, Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) have received much attention. This study tries to develop a SSVEP based BCI system that can control a wheelchair prototype in five different positions including stop position. In this study four different flickering frequencies in low frequency region were used to elicit the SSVEPs and were displayed on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor using Lab-VIEW. Four stimuli colors, green, red, blue and violet were used to investigate the color influence in SSVEPs. The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded from the occipital region were segmented into 1 second window and features were extracted by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). One-Against-All (OAA), a popular strategy for multiclass SVM, is used to classify SSVEP signals. During stimuli color comparison SSVEP with violet color showed higher accuracy than that with green, red and blue stimuli.展开更多
In this paper, it is shown that for low-order uncertain systems, there is no need to calculate all the minimum and maximum values of the coefficients for a perturbed system which is expressed in terms of polynomials a...In this paper, it is shown that for low-order uncertain systems, there is no need to calculate all the minimum and maximum values of the coefficients for a perturbed system which is expressed in terms of polynomials and hence no need to formulate and test all the four Kharitonov＇s polynomials. Furthermore, for higher-order systems such as n ≥ 5, the usual four Kharitonov＇s polynomials need not be tested initially for sufficient condition of perturbed systems; rather, the necessary condition can be checked before going for sufficient condition. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, numerical examples are shown and computational efficiency is highlighted.展开更多
Fuel is a very important factor and has considerable influence on the air quality in the environment,which is the heart of the world.The increase of vehi-cles in lived-in areas results in greater emission of carbon par...Fuel is a very important factor and has considerable influence on the air quality in the environment,which is the heart of the world.The increase of vehi-cles in lived-in areas results in greater emission of carbon particles in the envir-onment.Adulterated fuel causes more contaminated particles to mix with breathing air and becomes the main source of dangerous pollution.Adulteration is the mixing of foreign substances in fuel,which damages vehicles and causes more health problems in living beings such as humans,birds,aquatic life,and even water resources by emitting high levels of hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon monoxide.Most frequent blending liquids are lubricants and kerosene in the petrol,and its adulteration is a considerable problem that adds to environ-mental pollution.This study focuses on detecting the adulteration in petrol using sensors and machine learning algorithms.A modified evanescent wave opticalfiber sensor with discrete wavelet transform is proposed for classification of adult-erated data from the samples.Furthermore,support vector machine classifier is used for accurate categorization.The sensor isfirst tested with fuel and numerical data is classified based on machine learning algorithms.Finally,the result is eval-uated with less error and high accuracy of 99.9%,which is higher than all existing techniques.展开更多
Simulation of stress intensity factor as function of rolling contact fatigue cracks of railway tracks and the vehicle load is made with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics software. It is found that the critical stress in...Simulation of stress intensity factor as function of rolling contact fatigue cracks of railway tracks and the vehicle load is made with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics software. It is found that the critical stress intensity factor i.e. 41.6 MPa. m1/2 is reached at a stress level of 32 MPa and at the crack size 11.5 × 10-2 m.Noting the power law variation of acoustic emission count with increase in crack size (analogous to Paris Law), the simulation was further carried out to model the dependence of measured AE count with the stress intensity factor ahead of a growing RCF crack tip. It is demonstrated that AE measurement can be effective to trigger a control loop for avoidance of fatigue failure of railway track. In view of potential difference in the intensity of back scattered light from surface irregularities, a model is developed to find out the threshold intensity of scattered light that insures safety in the railway system against fatigue failure.展开更多
This article presents a design of the internal model control （IMC） based single degree of freedom （SDF） fractional order （FO） PID controller with a desired bandwidth specification for a class of fractional order...This article presents a design of the internal model control （IMC） based single degree of freedom （SDF） fractional order （FO） PID controller with a desired bandwidth specification for a class of fractional order system （FOS）. The drawbacks of the SDF FO-IMC are eliminated with the help of the two-degree of freedom （TDF） FO PID controller. The robust stability and robust performance of the designed controller are analyzed using an example.展开更多
The cohort intelligence （CI） method has recently evolved as an optimization method based on artificial intelligence. We use the CI method for the first time to optimize the parameters of the fractional proportional-...The cohort intelligence （CI） method has recently evolved as an optimization method based on artificial intelligence. We use the CI method for the first time to optimize the parameters of the fractional proportional- integral-derivative （PID） controller. The performance of the CI method in designing the fractional PID controller was validated and compared with those of some other popular algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, the genetic algorithm, and the improved electromagnetic algorithm. The CI method yielded improved solutions in terms of the cost function, computing time, and function evaluations in comparison with the other three algorithms. In addition, the standard deviations of the CI method demonstrated the robustness of the proposed algorithm in solving control problems.展开更多
Purpose-Fuzzy-based metaheuristic algorithm is used to optimize the fuzzy controllers for the nonlinear level control system subject to uncertainty specially in the main actuator that has lost effectiveness(LOE).To op...Purpose-Fuzzy-based metaheuristic algorithm is used to optimize the fuzzy controllers for the nonlinear level control system subject to uncertainty specially in the main actuator that has lost effectiveness(LOE).To optimize the fuzzy controller,type-1 harmonic search(HS)and interval type-2(HS)will be used.Design/methodology/approach-The type-1 and type-2 fuzzy-based HS algorithms are designed for optimization of fuzzy controllers for Fault-Tolerant Control(FTC)applications,and this research proposes a fuzzy-based HS metaheuristic method.The performance of a fuzzy logic-based HS algorithm applied to a nonlinear two-tank level control process with a main actuator that has lost effectiveness(LOE)and also the same controller will be tested on DC motor angular position control with and without noise.Findings-The key contribution of this work is the discovery of the best approach for generating an optimal vector of values for the fuzzy controller’s membership function optimization.This is done in order to improve the controller’s performance,bringing the process value of the two-tank level control process closer to the target process value(set point).It is worth noting that the type-1 fuzzy controller that has been optimized is an interval type-2 fuzzy system,which can handle more uncertainty than a type-1 fuzzy system.Originality/value-The type-1 and type-2 fuzzy-based HS algorithms are designed for optimization of fuzzy controllers for FTC applications,and this research proposes a fuzzy-based HS metaheuristic method.The performance of a fuzzy logic-based HS algorithm applied to a nonlinear two-tank level control process with a main actuator that has LOE will be tested on DC motor angular position control with noise.Two nonlinear uncertain processes are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.展开更多
A mobile ad hoc network(MANET)involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure.The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequ...A mobile ad hoc network(MANET)involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure.The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequate network topology,link loss,and increase the re-initialization of the route discovery process.Route planning in MANET is a multi-hop communication process due to the restricted transmission range of the nodes.Location aided routing(LAR)is one of the effective routing protocols in MANET which suffers from the issue of high energy consumption.Though few research works have focused on resolving energy consumption problem in LAR,energy efficiency still remains a major design issue.In this aspect,this study introduces an energy aware metaheuristic optimization with LAR(EAMO-LAR)protocol for MANETs.The EAMO-LAR protocol makes use of manta ray foraging optimization algorithm(MRFO)to help the searching process for the individual solution to be passed to the LAR protocol.The fitness value of the created solutions is determined next to pass the solutions to the objective function.The MRFO algorithm is incorporated into the LAR protocol in the EAMO-LAR protocol to reduce the desired energy utilization.To ensure the improved routing efficiency of the proposed EAMO-LAR protocol,a series of simulations take place.The resultant experimental values pointed out the supreme outcome of the EAMO-LAR protocol over the recently compared methods.The resultant values demonstrated that the EAMO-LAR protocol has accomplished effectual results over the other existing techniques.展开更多
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) are developed to help locked-in patients, who lose control of their bodies and are unable to perform simple tasks such as speech, locomotion, and can’t even effectively interact, with ...Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) are developed to help locked-in patients, who lose control of their bodies and are unable to perform simple tasks such as speech, locomotion, and can’t even effectively interact, with their environment. BCI shows promise in allowing these individuals to interact with a computer using EEG. A Brain Computer Interface is a communication system in which messages or commands that an indi-vidual sends to the external world do not pass through the brain’s normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. A system is created to allow individuals with motor disabili-ties to control the motion of the bed on which they are bedridden via BCI for drug delivery and other activities, with the help of eye motion and changes in the absolute power in alpha rhythms of an EEG signal of the patient.展开更多
Superhydrophilic thin films of 21 nm sized non-spherical titania nanoparticles are fabricated from a colloidal suspension by fixed blade flow coating without UV illumination. At a blade angle of a= 36° and a gap ...Superhydrophilic thin films of 21 nm sized non-spherical titania nanoparticles are fabricated from a colloidal suspension by fixed blade flow coating without UV illumination. At a blade angle of a= 36° and a gap of d= 300 μm, hierarchically structured films with increasing surface roughness along with microscopic voids are formed depending on the substrate velocity and the titania volume fraction. Increasing the roughness is shown to be concomitant to an increase in the hydrophilicity, eventually leading to superhydrophilicity or water contact angle less than 5°.展开更多
In this paper, a technique is presented to determine the stability margin of the discrete systems using recursive algorithm for power of companion matrix and Gerschgorin Theorem and hence sufficient condition of stabi...In this paper, a technique is presented to determine the stability margin of the discrete systems using recursive algorithm for power of companion matrix and Gerschgorin Theorem and hence sufficient condition of stability is obtained. The method is illustrated with an example and it is compared with other methods proposed in the literature. The results have applications in the filter design.展开更多
文摘The path-following control design for an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)requires prior full or partial knowledge about the mathematical model defined through Newton’s second law based on a geometrical investigation.AUV dynamics are highly nonlinear and time-varying,facing unpredictable disturbances due to AUVs operating in deep,hazardous oceanic environments.Consequently,navigation guidance and control systems for AUVs must learn and adapt to the time-varying dynamics of the nonlinear fully coupled vehicle model in the presence of highly unstructured underwater operating conditions.Many control engineers focus on the application of robust model-free adaptive control techniques in AUV maneuvers.Hence,the main goal is to design a novel salp swarm optimization of super twisting algorithm-based secondorder sliding mode controller for the planar path-following control of an AUV through regulation of the heading angle parameter.The finite time for tracking error convergence in the horizontal plane is provided through the control structure architecture,particularly for lateral deviations from the desired path.The proposed control law is designed such that it steers a robotic vehicle to track a predefined planar path at a constant speed determined by an end-user,without any temporal specification.Finally,the efficacy and tracking accuracy are evaluated through comparative analysis based on simulation and experimental hardware-in-loop assessment without violating the input constraints.Moreover,the proposed control law can handle parametric uncertainties and unpredictable disturbances such as ocean currents,wind,and measurement noise.
文摘In this paper, a parallel fuzzy proportional plus fuzzy integral plus fuzzy derivative （FP＋FI＋FD） controller is proposed. It is derived from the conventional parallel proportional-integral-derivative （PID） controller. It preserves the linear structure of a conventional parallel PID controller, with analytical formulas. The final shape of the controller is a discrete-time fuzzy version of a conventional parallel PID controller. Computer simulations are performed to evaluate the performance of the FP＋FI＋FD controller for setpoint tracking and load-disturbance rejection for some complex processes, such as first- and second-order processes with delay, inverse response process with and without delay and higher order processes. Also, the performance of the proposed fuzzy controller is evaluated experimentally on highly nonlinear liquid-flow process with a hysteresis characteristic due to a pneumatic control valve. The simulation and real time control is done using National InstrumentTM hardware and software （LabVIEWTM）. The response of the FP＋FI＋FD controller is compared with the conventional parallel PID controller, tuned with the Ziegler-Nichols （Z-H） and /~strSm- H^gglund （A-H） tuning technique. It is observed that the FP＋FI＋FD controller performed much better than the conventional PI/PID controller. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed parallel FP＋FI＋FD controller.
基金funded by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2022R66),Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)or drones introduced for military applications are gaining popularity in several other fields as well such as security and surveillance,due to their ability to perform repetitive and tedious tasks in hazardous environments.Their increased demand created the requirement for enabling the UAVs to traverse independently through the Three Dimensional(3D)flight environment consisting of various obstacles which have been efficiently addressed by metaheuristics in past literature.However,not a single optimization algorithms can solve all kind of optimization problem effectively.Therefore,there is dire need to integrate metaheuristic for general acceptability.To address this issue,in this paper,a novel reinforcement learning controlled Grey Wolf Optimisation-Archimedes Optimisation Algorithm(QGA)has been exhaustively introduced and exhaustively validated firstly on 22 benchmark functions and then,utilized to obtain the optimum flyable path without collision for UAVs in three dimensional environment.The performance of the developed QGA has been compared against the various metaheuristics.The simulation experimental results reveal that the QGA algorithm acquire a feasible and effective flyable path more efficiently in complicated environment.
文摘In recent years, Brain Computer Interface (BCI) systems based on Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP) have received much attention. This study tries to develop a SSVEP based BCI system that can control a wheelchair prototype in five different positions including stop position. In this study four different flickering frequencies in low frequency region were used to elicit the SSVEPs and were displayed on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor using Lab-VIEW. Four stimuli colors, green, red, blue and violet were used to investigate the color influence in SSVEPs. The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals recorded from the occipital region were segmented into 1 second window and features were extracted by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). One-Against-All (OAA), a popular strategy for multiclass SVM, is used to classify SSVEP signals. During stimuli color comparison SSVEP with violet color showed higher accuracy than that with green, red and blue stimuli.
文摘In this paper, it is shown that for low-order uncertain systems, there is no need to calculate all the minimum and maximum values of the coefficients for a perturbed system which is expressed in terms of polynomials and hence no need to formulate and test all the four Kharitonov＇s polynomials. Furthermore, for higher-order systems such as n ≥ 5, the usual four Kharitonov＇s polynomials need not be tested initially for sufficient condition of perturbed systems; rather, the necessary condition can be checked before going for sufficient condition. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed method, numerical examples are shown and computational efficiency is highlighted.
文摘Fuel is a very important factor and has considerable influence on the air quality in the environment,which is the heart of the world.The increase of vehi-cles in lived-in areas results in greater emission of carbon particles in the envir-onment.Adulterated fuel causes more contaminated particles to mix with breathing air and becomes the main source of dangerous pollution.Adulteration is the mixing of foreign substances in fuel,which damages vehicles and causes more health problems in living beings such as humans,birds,aquatic life,and even water resources by emitting high levels of hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon monoxide.Most frequent blending liquids are lubricants and kerosene in the petrol,and its adulteration is a considerable problem that adds to environ-mental pollution.This study focuses on detecting the adulteration in petrol using sensors and machine learning algorithms.A modified evanescent wave opticalfiber sensor with discrete wavelet transform is proposed for classification of adult-erated data from the samples.Furthermore,support vector machine classifier is used for accurate categorization.The sensor isfirst tested with fuel and numerical data is classified based on machine learning algorithms.Finally,the result is eval-uated with less error and high accuracy of 99.9%,which is higher than all existing techniques.
文摘Simulation of stress intensity factor as function of rolling contact fatigue cracks of railway tracks and the vehicle load is made with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics software. It is found that the critical stress intensity factor i.e. 41.6 MPa. m1/2 is reached at a stress level of 32 MPa and at the crack size 11.5 × 10-2 m.Noting the power law variation of acoustic emission count with increase in crack size (analogous to Paris Law), the simulation was further carried out to model the dependence of measured AE count with the stress intensity factor ahead of a growing RCF crack tip. It is demonstrated that AE measurement can be effective to trigger a control loop for avoidance of fatigue failure of railway track. In view of potential difference in the intensity of back scattered light from surface irregularities, a model is developed to find out the threshold intensity of scattered light that insures safety in the railway system against fatigue failure.
文摘This article presents a design of the internal model control （IMC） based single degree of freedom （SDF） fractional order （FO） PID controller with a desired bandwidth specification for a class of fractional order system （FOS）. The drawbacks of the SDF FO-IMC are eliminated with the help of the two-degree of freedom （TDF） FO PID controller. The robust stability and robust performance of the designed controller are analyzed using an example.
文摘The cohort intelligence （CI） method has recently evolved as an optimization method based on artificial intelligence. We use the CI method for the first time to optimize the parameters of the fractional proportional- integral-derivative （PID） controller. The performance of the CI method in designing the fractional PID controller was validated and compared with those of some other popular algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, the genetic algorithm, and the improved electromagnetic algorithm. The CI method yielded improved solutions in terms of the cost function, computing time, and function evaluations in comparison with the other three algorithms. In addition, the standard deviations of the CI method demonstrated the robustness of the proposed algorithm in solving control problems.
文摘Purpose-Fuzzy-based metaheuristic algorithm is used to optimize the fuzzy controllers for the nonlinear level control system subject to uncertainty specially in the main actuator that has lost effectiveness(LOE).To optimize the fuzzy controller,type-1 harmonic search(HS)and interval type-2(HS)will be used.Design/methodology/approach-The type-1 and type-2 fuzzy-based HS algorithms are designed for optimization of fuzzy controllers for Fault-Tolerant Control(FTC)applications,and this research proposes a fuzzy-based HS metaheuristic method.The performance of a fuzzy logic-based HS algorithm applied to a nonlinear two-tank level control process with a main actuator that has lost effectiveness(LOE)and also the same controller will be tested on DC motor angular position control with and without noise.Findings-The key contribution of this work is the discovery of the best approach for generating an optimal vector of values for the fuzzy controller’s membership function optimization.This is done in order to improve the controller’s performance,bringing the process value of the two-tank level control process closer to the target process value(set point).It is worth noting that the type-1 fuzzy controller that has been optimized is an interval type-2 fuzzy system,which can handle more uncertainty than a type-1 fuzzy system.Originality/value-The type-1 and type-2 fuzzy-based HS algorithms are designed for optimization of fuzzy controllers for FTC applications,and this research proposes a fuzzy-based HS metaheuristic method.The performance of a fuzzy logic-based HS algorithm applied to a nonlinear two-tank level control process with a main actuator that has LOE will be tested on DC motor angular position control with noise.Two nonlinear uncertain processes are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
基金This research was supported by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT),Korea,under the ICAN(ICT Challenge and Advanced Network of HRD)program(IITP-2021-2020-0-01832)supervised by the IITP(Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation)and the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘A mobile ad hoc network(MANET)involves a group of wireless mobile nodes which create an impermanent network with no central authority and infrastructure.The nodes in the MANET are highly mobile and it results in adequate network topology,link loss,and increase the re-initialization of the route discovery process.Route planning in MANET is a multi-hop communication process due to the restricted transmission range of the nodes.Location aided routing(LAR)is one of the effective routing protocols in MANET which suffers from the issue of high energy consumption.Though few research works have focused on resolving energy consumption problem in LAR,energy efficiency still remains a major design issue.In this aspect,this study introduces an energy aware metaheuristic optimization with LAR(EAMO-LAR)protocol for MANETs.The EAMO-LAR protocol makes use of manta ray foraging optimization algorithm(MRFO)to help the searching process for the individual solution to be passed to the LAR protocol.The fitness value of the created solutions is determined next to pass the solutions to the objective function.The MRFO algorithm is incorporated into the LAR protocol in the EAMO-LAR protocol to reduce the desired energy utilization.To ensure the improved routing efficiency of the proposed EAMO-LAR protocol,a series of simulations take place.The resultant experimental values pointed out the supreme outcome of the EAMO-LAR protocol over the recently compared methods.The resultant values demonstrated that the EAMO-LAR protocol has accomplished effectual results over the other existing techniques.
文摘Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) are developed to help locked-in patients, who lose control of their bodies and are unable to perform simple tasks such as speech, locomotion, and can’t even effectively interact, with their environment. BCI shows promise in allowing these individuals to interact with a computer using EEG. A Brain Computer Interface is a communication system in which messages or commands that an indi-vidual sends to the external world do not pass through the brain’s normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. A system is created to allow individuals with motor disabili-ties to control the motion of the bed on which they are bedridden via BCI for drug delivery and other activities, with the help of eye motion and changes in the absolute power in alpha rhythms of an EEG signal of the patient.
文摘Superhydrophilic thin films of 21 nm sized non-spherical titania nanoparticles are fabricated from a colloidal suspension by fixed blade flow coating without UV illumination. At a blade angle of a= 36° and a gap of d= 300 μm, hierarchically structured films with increasing surface roughness along with microscopic voids are formed depending on the substrate velocity and the titania volume fraction. Increasing the roughness is shown to be concomitant to an increase in the hydrophilicity, eventually leading to superhydrophilicity or water contact angle less than 5°.
文摘In this paper, a technique is presented to determine the stability margin of the discrete systems using recursive algorithm for power of companion matrix and Gerschgorin Theorem and hence sufficient condition of stability is obtained. The method is illustrated with an example and it is compared with other methods proposed in the literature. The results have applications in the filter design.
