Purpose This scoping review aimed to offer researchers and practitioners an understanding of artificial intelligence(AI)applications in physical activity(PA)interventions;introduce them to prevalent machine learning(M...Purpose This scoping review aimed to offer researchers and practitioners an understanding of artificial intelligence(AI)applications in physical activity(PA)interventions;introduce them to prevalent machine learning(ML),deep learning(DL),and reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms;and encourage the adoption of AI methodologies.Methods A scoping review was performed in PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and EBSCO focusing on AI applications for promoting PA or predicting related behavioral or health outcomes.AI methodologies were summarized and categorized to identify synergies,patterns,and trends informing future research.Additionally,a concise primer on predominant AI methodologies within the realm of PA was provided to bolster understanding and broader application.Results The review included 24 studies that met the predetermined eligibility criteria.AI models were found effective in detecting significant patterns of PA behavior and associations between specific factors and intervention outcomes.Most studies comparing AI models to traditional statistical approaches reported higher prediction accuracy for AI models on test data.Comparisons of different AI models yielded mixed results,likely due to model performance being highly dependent on the dataset and task.An increasing trend of adopting state-of-the-art DL and RL models over standard ML was observed,addressing complex human–machine communication,behavior modification,and decision-making tasks.Six key areas for future AI adoption in PA interventions emerged:personalized PA interventions,real-time monitoring and adaptation,integration of multimodal data sources,evaluation of intervention effectiveness,expanding access to PA interventions,and predicting and preventing injuries.Conclusion The scoping review highlights the potential of AI methodologies for advancing PA interventions.As the field progresses,staying informed and exploring emerging AI-driven strategies is essential for achieving significant improvements in PA interventions and fostering overall well-being.展开更多
Background:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important information.For inst...Background:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important information.For instance,from a population-level point of view,increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate levels.Also,including a more sensitive cut-point of≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity practice.Thus,the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week among adolescents globally,and to describe any relevant gender inequalities.Methods:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and 2019.MVPA was self-reported.Participants were grouped into younger(≤14 years old)and older(>14 years old)adolescents.Crude Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week between boys and girls,and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled estimates.Analyses were stratified by country and region.Results:Approximately 80%of both younger and older adolescents reported≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week.This prevalence was≥94%in Europe and Central Asia and North America,while the estimates for the other regions were<77%.The prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls,with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents(Prevalence ratio_(≤14y)=1.04(95%confidence interval(95%CI)):1.03-1.04)vs.Prevalence ratio_(>14y)=1.09(95%CI:1.08-1.10)).Conclusion:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week,with notable differences between regions.Gender differences were observed in several countries,especially among the oldest adolescents.Priorities for physical activity promotion among adolescents should include increasing access/opportunities for physical activity among those who do not achieve≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week and reducing gender inequalities.展开更多
BACKGROUND The detection rate of depression among university students has been increasing in recent years,becoming one of the main psychological diseases that endangers their physical and mental health.According to st...BACKGROUND The detection rate of depression among university students has been increasing in recent years,becoming one of the main psychological diseases that endangers their physical and mental health.According to statistics,self-harm and suicide,for which there is no effective intervention,are the second leading causes of death.AIM To explore the relationship between different elements and levels of physical activity and college students’depression-symptom-specific working memory indicators.METHODS Of 143 college students were analyzed using the Beck Depression Self-Rating Scale,the Physical Activity Rating Scale,and the Working Memory Task.RESULTS There was a significant difference between college students with depressive symptoms and healthy college students in completing verbal and spatial working memory(SWM)tasks correctly(all P<0.01).Physical Activity Scale-3 scores were significantly and positively correlated with the correct rate of the verbal working memory task(r=0.166)and the correct rate of the SWM task(r=0.210)(all P<0.05).There were significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks according to different exercise intensities(all P<0.05)and different exercise durations(all P<0.05),and no significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks by exercise frequency(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION An increase in physical exercise among college students,particularly medium-and high-intensity exercise and exercise of 30 min or more,can improve the correct rate of completing working memory tasks.展开更多
Background:Exercise procrastination is prevalent among college students,causing decline in physical fitness.It is imperative to investigate the mechanism affecting college students’physical activity behaviors.This st...Background:Exercise procrastination is prevalent among college students,causing decline in physical fitness.It is imperative to investigate the mechanism affecting college students’physical activity behaviors.This study was aimed at investigating the effect of procrastination on college students’physical exercise behavior,and the chain mediation effects of exercise commitment and action control(AC),to provide a theoretical basis for interventions targeting physical exercise behavior among college students.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted using convenience sampling.The General Procrastination Scale,Exercise Commitment Scale,Action Control Scale,and Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 questionnaires were used.Participants were 581 college students(age 19.27±0.94 years;243 males and 338 females).Statistical methods of regression analysis and structural equation modeling(SEM)were applied.Results:Procrastination,exercise commitment,and action control were found to be significant predictors of physical exercise behavior.Among these predictors,exercise commitment and action control showed full mediation effects in the relationship between procrastination and physical exercise behavior,and explained 25.48%and 30.77%of the total variance,respectively.The chain mediation effect of exercise commitment-action control was significant,accounting for 22.60%of the total variance,and the total indirect effect was 79.33%.Conclusion:Therefore,higher procrastination was associated with less participation in physical exercise behavior among college students.Improvements in exercise commitment and volitional decision-making ability for physical exercise behavior promoted physical exercise behavior,and increased exercise commitment promoted volitional decision-making ability among the students.The chain reaction effect of exercise commitment and action control also buffered the negative effects of procrastination on physical exercise behavior,thereby increasing physical exercise behavior among college students.展开更多
The problems faced the policymakers of the present universities in physical education are how to break away from the traditional models of training,how to set up new systems,how to exploit resources in community and u...The problems faced the policymakers of the present universities in physical education are how to break away from the traditional models of training,how to set up new systems,how to exploit resources in community and university for physical education,how to make the exercise courses,capacity and time for the inhabitsnts more scientific and reasonable and how to constantly satisfy most exercisers.This paper,by analysing the present situation of university physical education and social physical education,exploits their organic combination,to efficiently train high-qualified and all-round-way-developed talents.展开更多
Background: Identifying factors associated with physical activity(PA) is useful in planning interventions and policies. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial factors asso...Background: Identifying factors associated with physical activity(PA) is useful in planning interventions and policies. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial factors associated with PA performed in school settings.Methods: Data collected for the present study included gender, age, socioeconomic status, body fat percentage, aerobic fitness, self-efficacy, attitudes,peer and parental support, and perception of school environment. Dependent variables were light-intensity PA(LPA) and moderate-to-vigorousintensity PA(MVPA) performed during school time, recesses, and physical education(PE) classes. Multiple regression analyses were performed.Results: Participating adolescents(n = 567, 53% female, 12.9 ± 5.3 years) spent 5% of school time in MVPA and 27% in LPA, 15% of recesses in MVPA and 44% in LPA, and 16% of PE classes in MVPA and 41% in LPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA in all categories. Age was inversely related with MVPA and LPA in all periods, whereas body fat percentage was inversely related with MVPA in school time and PE classes. Attitude was inversely related with MVPA in all periods and with LPA in recesses. Considering PA to be good and enjoyable was positively associated with MVPA in school time.Conclusion: Adolescents spent little time in PA during school. Future interventions should implement enjoyable activities at school.展开更多
The scoring system BESS （balance errors scoring system）, is a test commonly used by clinical investigators, however there is an increase of studies that couple the BESS system, as a measure of results beyond the sco...The scoring system BESS （balance errors scoring system）, is a test commonly used by clinical investigators, however there is an increase of studies that couple the BESS system, as a measure of results beyond the scope of its original purpose introducing the field of sport, and in our case, as a possible assessment tool balance in physical education. In this paper, the application of BESS Test two different age groups, 5th-grade and 4 semester of high school, college Ypsilanti Puebla was conducted in order to validate it, using the Software ptets to analyze. It conducted a non-random selection of 26 elementary and 26 high school students, 13 men and 13 women in each case. The results were compared in 6 different positions, including 3 on a fiat surface and the other 3 on an implement with an unstable surface, each position must be maintained for 20 seconds. It was obtained as a result; the BESS Test is valid for children 5th-grade, not valid for high school students study.展开更多
Teachers and students are the two main subjects which are indispensable in the teaching activities. Their communication is the most basic activity in the whole teaching activities. The social economy in our country is...Teachers and students are the two main subjects which are indispensable in the teaching activities. Their communication is the most basic activity in the whole teaching activities. The social economy in our country is developing and changing constantly, and the teaching reform has been changed, and it has been well developed. Physical education is a very important component in the teaching structure of colleges and universities, and the teaching of physical education has been highly concerned by people. But in the sports teaching practice, in？ uenced by traditional teaching ideas and teaching skills, communication of PE Teaching in Colleges and universities appeared unilateral and simple phenomenon, directly affect the quality and efficiency of teaching. We should figure out how to avoid the lack of teaching communication in college physical education, in order to make the relationship between teachers and students, students and students more harmonious, and promote the improvement of the efficiency of sports teaching. This article mainly focus on the teaching concept, we discuss and analyze the problems and reasons in the teaching of physical education in Colleges and Universities and put forward a new sports teaching communication construction strategy, the purpose is to provide some support and help to the university physical education teaching activities.展开更多
The use of literature, logical reasoning and other research methods are used in this thesis, classification and analysis of the definition of incentive methods, motivation methods are also stated in this paper, and th...The use of literature, logical reasoning and other research methods are used in this thesis, classification and analysis of the definition of incentive methods, motivation methods are also stated in this paper, and this article also combine with students＇ psychological characteristics, different teaching content, teaching methods together, discussed how to stimulate students＇ interest in sports and mobilize students＇ enthusiasm, initiative by motivation methods in the sports teaching, thus promoting teaching effectiveness, improve teaching quality, provide some theoretical reference for improving the quality of teaching physical education. The results showed that： we have already made some researches in the stimulation methods in teaching sports, but few are studied combining with the psychological characteristics of students展开更多
Purpose: Given the unique characteristics of physical education(PE) teaching in K-12education,PE teachers' information behaviors deserve special attention.This article reports a survey study of PE teachers' in...Purpose: Given the unique characteristics of physical education(PE) teaching in K-12education,PE teachers' information behaviors deserve special attention.This article reports a survey study of PE teachers' information behaviors,covering information literacy skills and behaviors of information seeking and information use.Design/methodology/approach:A questionnaire survey was conducted of K-12 PE teachers in the Tianjin municipal region of China,with a response rate of 61.9%.Findings:PE teachers lack skills with information retrieval systems in general.The Internet continues to be their primary information source,and they rely more on personal collection and colleagues than the school library for teaching materials.They rarely develop a searching strategy,employ querying tactics,or use advanced search functions,and they tend to be content with finding a few relevant articles.Research limitations:The survey is limited to the Tianjin municipal region in scope.Though attempting to reach 210 participants from 40 schools,it yielded only 130 valid responses.A larger survey covering more regions and with greater responses may be useful.Practical implications:Insights from this study inform the educational and on-job training of K-12 PE teachers to improve their information literacy skills.Originality/value:Little research exists on PE teachers' behaviors of information seeking.This study bridges the gap and enriches our understanding of K-12 teachers' information behaviors.展开更多
At present,physical education is listed as the key teaching.This paper introduces the importance of physical education in Colleges and universities,analyzes the current situation of College Physical Education and expl...At present,physical education is listed as the key teaching.This paper introduces the importance of physical education in Colleges and universities,analyzes the current situation of College Physical Education and explores the improvement strategies of College Physical Education at this stage.展开更多
Physical education is an important part of campus culture construction, is the most widely used form of contact with teachers and students with most dynamic, most innovative culture. This paper analyzes the content of...Physical education is an important part of campus culture construction, is the most widely used form of contact with teachers and students with most dynamic, most innovative culture. This paper analyzes the content of physical education, form, composition and structure of the campus culture, to clarify the position and role of school physical education in the construction of campus culture, so that physical education plays a greater role in the construction of campus culture.展开更多
Objective This study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children （PAQ-C）, which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigor...Objective This study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children （PAQ-C）, which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （MVPA） in children among diverse racial groups. Methods The psychometric properties of the PAQ-C with 742 Hong Kong Chinese children were assessed with the scale＇s internal consistency, reliability, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factory analysis （CFA） in the overall sample, and multistep invariance tests across gender groups as well as convergent validity with body mass index （BMI）, and an accelerometry-based MVPA. Results The Cronbach alpha coefficient （α=0.79）, composite reliability value （p=0.81）, and the intraclass correlation coefficient （α=0.82） indicate the satisfactory reliability of the PAQ-C score. The CFA indicated data fit a single factor model, suggesting that the PAQ-C measures only one construct, on MVPA over the previous 7 days. The multiple-group CFAs suggested that the factor Ioadings and variances and covariances of the PAQ-C measurement model were invariant across gender groups. The PAQ-C score was related to accelerometry-based MVPA （r=0.33） and inversely related to BMI （r=0.18）. Conclusion This study demonstrates the reliability and validity of the PAQ-C in Chinese children.展开更多
Background: Although emerging research is demonstrating the potential health impact of exergaming,investigations have primarily been conducted in laboratory settings among small samples with short-term interventions.I...Background: Although emerging research is demonstrating the potential health impact of exergaming,investigations have primarily been conducted in laboratory settings among small samples with short-term interventions.Information on the effectiveness of exergaming in underserved children's objective physical activity(PA) in population-based settings is also scarce.Moreover,most empirical studies have only included 1 type of exergame in the intervention.Therefore,this study's purpose was to investigate the long-term impact of a multigame exergaming intervention among underserved children integrated within school curricula.Specifically,this study examined the effect of exergaming on children's accelerometer-determined sedentary behavior(SB),light PA,moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),and energy expenditure(EE) over 2 years as compared with regular physical education(PE) classes.Methods: A total of 261 second-and third-grade children(134 girls,127 boys; mean age 8.27 years) were recruited from 2 Texas elementary schools.Children's pre-test 3-day SB,light PA,MVPA,and EE at school were assessed in the fall of 2012.Participants were assigned to 1 of 2groups:(1) exergaming/PE group(125 min weekly of exergaming-based PA program) and (2) comparison group(125 min weekly of PE).PA(SB,light PA,and MVPA) and EE outcome variables were assessed again in 2013(post-test) and 2014(follow-up).Results: Significant time effects were observed for SB(F(1,162)=25.0,p<0.01,η~2= 0.14),light PA(F(1,162)=9.6,p<0.01,η~2= 0.06),and MVPA(F(1,162)=6.2,p=0.01,η~2= 0.04) but not for EE(F(1,162)=0.63,p>0.05,η~2= 0.004).Subsequent pairwise comparisons revealed significant increases from pre-to post-test for light PA(p<0.01),MVPA(p<0.01),and EE(p=0.02) with no changes in SB(p>0.05).Conversely,significant decreases occurred in light PA(p<0.01) from post-test to follow-up with no differences seen in MVPA(p=0.08) and EE(p=0.06) over the same time period.A significant increase was seen,however,for SB from post-test to follow-up.Conclusion: Exergaming PE can have the same positive effect on children's light PA,MVPA,and EE as regular PE.More research is necessary to discern how to promote long-term PA participation after conclusion of the intervention.展开更多
Purpose: To examine the association of physical activity(PA) intensity levels and sedentary time with health-related quality of life(HRQoL) in women with fibromyalgia and whether patients meeting the current PA guidel...Purpose: To examine the association of physical activity(PA) intensity levels and sedentary time with health-related quality of life(HRQoL) in women with fibromyalgia and whether patients meeting the current PA guidelines present better HRQoL.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 407 women with fibromyalgia aged 51.4 ± 7.6 years. The time spent(min/day) in different PA intensity levels(light, moderate, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) and sedentary time were measured with triaxial accelerometry. The proportion of women meeting the American PA recommendations(>150 min/week of MVPA in bouts >10 min) was also calculated.HRQoL domains(physical function, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health), as well as physical and mental components, were assessed using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey.Results: All PA intensity levels were positively correlated with different HRQoL dimensions(r_(partial) between 0.10 and 0.23, all p < 0.05). MVPA was independently associated with social functioning(p < 0.05). Sedentary time was independently associated with physical function, physical role, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, and both the physical and mental component summary score(all p < 0.05). Patients meeting the PA recommendations presented better scores for bodily pain(mean = 24.2(95%CI: 21.3-27.2) vs. mean = 20.4(95%CI: 18.9-21.9), p = 0.023)and better scores for social functioning(mean = 48.7(95%CI: 43.9-44.8) vs. mean = 42.3(95%CI: 39.8-44.8), p = 0.024).Conclusion: MVPA(positively) and sedentary time(negatively) are independently associated with HRQoL in women with fibromyalgia. Meeting the current PA recommendations is significantly associated with better scores for bodily pain and social functioning. These results highlight the importance of being physically active and avoiding sedentary behaviors in this population.展开更多
Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the associations of objectively measured physical activity(PA),sedentary time,and physical fitness with mental health in the early second trimester(16§2 gestational weeks)o...Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the associations of objectively measured physical activity(PA),sedentary time,and physical fitness with mental health in the early second trimester(16§2 gestational weeks)of pregnancy.Methods:From 229 women initially contacted,124 pregnant women participated in the present cross-sectional study.Data were collected between November 2015 and March 2017.The participants wore Actigraph GT3X+Triaxial accelerometers for 9 consecutive days to objectively measure their PA levels and sedentary time.A performance-based test battery was used to measure physical fitness.Self-report questionnaires assessed psychological ill-being(i.e.,negative affect,anxiety,and depression),and psychological well-being(i.e.,emotional intelligence,resilience,and positive affect).Linear regression analyses were adjusted for age,educational level,accelerometer wear time,miscarriages,and low back pain.Results:Moderate-to-vigorous PA was negatively associated with depression(b=0.222,adjusted R2=0.050,p=0.041).Higher levels of sedentary time were negatively associated with positive affect(b=0.260,adjusted R2=0.085,p=0.017).Greater upper-body flexibility was positively associated with better emotional regulation(b=0.195,adjusted R2=0.030,p=0.047).The remaining associations were not significant(all p>0.05).Conclusion:An active lifestyle characterized by higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA and lower levels of sedentary time during pregnancy might modestly improve the mental health of pregnant women.Although previous research has focused on the benefits of cardiorespiratory exercise,the present study shows that only upper-body flexibility is related to emotional regulation in early pregnant women.If the present findings are corroborated in further experimental research,physical exercise programs should focus on enhancing flexibility to promote improvements in emotional regulation during early second-trimester of pregnancy.展开更多
Objectives:Adolescents using active transport(AT)to school have higher levels of physical activity(PA)compared with motorized transport(MT)users.This study compared school day and weekend day PA in adolescents using A...Objectives:Adolescents using active transport(AT)to school have higher levels of physical activity(PA)compared with motorized transport(MT)users.This study compared school day and weekend day PA in adolescents using AT,MT,or combined AT and MT(AT + MT)to travel to school.Methods:Adolescents(n= 314;age:14.7±1.4 years;32.8% boys)from Dunedin(New Zealand)wore an accelerometer for 7 days and completed a self-reported survey regarding mode of transport to school(73 AT,56 AT + MT,and 185 MT).Data were analyzed using t tests,analysis of variance,and χ2 tests.Results:Although the proportion of adolescents meeting PA guidelines significantly differed among transport groups(AT,47.9%;AT + MT,46.4%;MT,33.5%;p=0.048;overall,39.2%),the observed differences were due mainly to girls.Compared with MT,AT and AT+MT engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)per day(AT:61.2 ± 23.2 min;AT+MT:59.6 ± 21.7 min;MT:52.5 ± 19.6 min;p = 0.004;p<0.001,adjusted for gender),per school day and before school.Immediately after school(15:00-16:00),AT engaged in significantly more MVPA compared with AT + MT and MT.No differences in MVPA between the groups were observed in the late afternoon/early evening period during school days or on weekend days.Conclusion:Compared with MT users,adolescent girls using AT or AT + MT accumulated more MVPA during school commute time.AT + MT to school is also a plausible way to increase adolescent girls’ PA when AT only is not feasible.展开更多
Background:Despite the well-established health benefits of physical activity(PA)for young people(aged 419 years),most do not meet PA guidelines.Policies that support PA in schools may be promising,but their impact on ...Background:Despite the well-established health benefits of physical activity(PA)for young people(aged 419 years),most do not meet PA guidelines.Policies that support PA in schools may be promising,but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood.The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.Methods:This systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines.Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy,school,evaluation,and PA.Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies,25 progressed to data synthesis.Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools,and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes:positive,negative,inconclusive,or untested statistically.Results:Evidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting.These were whole school PA policy,physical education,sport/extracurricular PA,classroom-based PA,active breaks/recess,physical environment,shared use agreements,active school transport,and surveillance.The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive(54%),27%was inconclusive,9%was significantly negative,and 11%was untested(due to rounding,some numbers add to 99%or 101%).Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting(41%),34%in the secondary setting,and 24%in primary/secondary combined school settings.By policy area,frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA(35%),17%for physical education,and 12%for whole school PA policy,with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported(2%).Comparing relative strength of evidence,the evidence for shared use agreements,though sparse,was 100%positive,while 60%of the evidence for whole school PA policy,59%of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA,57%of the evidence for physical education,50%of the evidence for PA in classroom,and 50%of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.Conclusion:The current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a“one-sizefits-all”approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice.Greater clarity regarding terminology,measurement,and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.展开更多
Parkinson’s disease is chara cterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars com pacta,and although restoring striatal dopamine levels may improve symptoms,no treatment can cure or reve rse ...Parkinson’s disease is chara cterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars com pacta,and although restoring striatal dopamine levels may improve symptoms,no treatment can cure or reve rse the disease itself.Stem cell therapy has a regenerative effect and is being actively studied as a candidate for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Mesenchymal stem cells are considered a promising option due to fewer ethical concerns,a lower risk of immune rejection,and a lower risk of teratogenicity.We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives on motor function,memory,and preservation of dopamine rgic neurons in a Parkinson’s disease animal model.We searched bibliographic databases(PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase,CENTRAL,Scopus,and Web of Science)to identify articles and included only pee r-reviewed in vivo interve ntional animal studies published in any language through J une 28,2023.The study utilized the random-effect model to estimate the 95%confidence intervals(CI)of the standard mean differences(SMD)between the treatment and control groups.We use the systematic review center for laboratory animal expe rimentation’s risk of bias tool and the collaborative approach to meta-analysis and review of animal studies checklist for study quality assessment.A total of 33studies with data from 840 Parkinson’s disease model animals were included in the meta-analysis.Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells significantly improved motor function as assessed by the amphetamine-induced rotational test.Among the stem cell types,the bone marrow MSCs with neurotrophic factor group showed la rgest effect size(SMD[95%CI]=-6.21[-9.50 to-2.93],P=0.0001,I^(2)=0.0%).The stem cell treatment group had significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopamine rgic neurons in the striatum([95%CI]=1.04[0.59 to 1.49],P=0.0001,I^(2)=65.1%)and substantia nigra(SMD[95%CI]=1.38[0.89 to 1.87],P=0.0001,I^(2)=75.3%),indicating a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons.Subgroup analysis of the amphetamine-induced rotation test showed a significant reduction only in the intracranial-striatum route(SMD[95%CI]=-2.59[-3.25 to-1.94],P=0.0001,I^(2)=74.4%).The memory test showed significant improvement only in the intravenous route(SMD[95%CI]=4.80[1.84 to 7.76],P=0.027,I^(2)=79.6%).Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to positively impact motor function and memory function and protect dopaminergic neurons in preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease.Further research is required to determine the optimal stem cell types,modifications,transplanted cell numbe rs,and delivery methods for these protocols.展开更多
文摘Purpose This scoping review aimed to offer researchers and practitioners an understanding of artificial intelligence(AI)applications in physical activity(PA)interventions;introduce them to prevalent machine learning(ML),deep learning(DL),and reinforcement learning(RL)algorithms;and encourage the adoption of AI methodologies.Methods A scoping review was performed in PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and EBSCO focusing on AI applications for promoting PA or predicting related behavioral or health outcomes.AI methodologies were summarized and categorized to identify synergies,patterns,and trends informing future research.Additionally,a concise primer on predominant AI methodologies within the realm of PA was provided to bolster understanding and broader application.Results The review included 24 studies that met the predetermined eligibility criteria.AI models were found effective in detecting significant patterns of PA behavior and associations between specific factors and intervention outcomes.Most studies comparing AI models to traditional statistical approaches reported higher prediction accuracy for AI models on test data.Comparisons of different AI models yielded mixed results,likely due to model performance being highly dependent on the dataset and task.An increasing trend of adopting state-of-the-art DL and RL models over standard ML was observed,addressing complex human–machine communication,behavior modification,and decision-making tasks.Six key areas for future AI adoption in PA interventions emerged:personalized PA interventions,real-time monitoring and adaptation,integration of multimodal data sources,evaluation of intervention effectiveness,expanding access to PA interventions,and predicting and preventing injuries.Conclusion The scoping review highlights the potential of AI methodologies for advancing PA interventions.As the field progresses,staying informed and exploring emerging AI-driven strategies is essential for achieving significant improvements in PA interventions and fostering overall well-being.
基金supported by the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES)with a PhD scholarship(CAPES process:88887.605034/2021-00,88887.605029/2021-00,and 88887.694146/2022-00,respectively)supported by the S?o Paulo Research Foundation(FAPESP)with a PhD scholarship(FAPESP process:2019/24124-7)。
文摘Background:Guidelines recommend that adolescents should accumulate an average of 60 min per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA).However,using only this cut-off could hide important information.For instance,from a population-level point of view,increasing physical activity for those with no or low physical activity could provide more health benefits than increasing physical activity for those with intermediate levels.Also,including a more sensitive cut-point of≥1 days per week could be an additional strategy for identifying those with low access/opportunities for physical activity practice.Thus,the current study aims to estimate the prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week among adolescents globally,and to describe any relevant gender inequalities.Methods:We used representative datasets from 146 countries/territories collected between 2003 and 2019.MVPA was self-reported.Participants were grouped into younger(≤14 years old)and older(>14 years old)adolescents.Crude Poisson regression models were used to identify the relative differences in≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week between boys and girls,and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to identify the pooled estimates.Analyses were stratified by country and region.Results:Approximately 80%of both younger and older adolescents reported≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week.This prevalence was≥94%in Europe and Central Asia and North America,while the estimates for the other regions were<77%.The prevalence of≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week was higher among boys than girls,with the largest differences occurring among the oldest adolescents(Prevalence ratio_(≤14y)=1.04(95%confidence interval(95%CI)):1.03-1.04)vs.Prevalence ratio_(>14y)=1.09(95%CI:1.08-1.10)).Conclusion:Approximately 8 out of 10 adolescents reported accumulating≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week,with notable differences between regions.Gender differences were observed in several countries,especially among the oldest adolescents.Priorities for physical activity promotion among adolescents should include increasing access/opportunities for physical activity among those who do not achieve≥60 min of MVPA≥1 days per week and reducing gender inequalities.
文摘BACKGROUND The detection rate of depression among university students has been increasing in recent years,becoming one of the main psychological diseases that endangers their physical and mental health.According to statistics,self-harm and suicide,for which there is no effective intervention,are the second leading causes of death.AIM To explore the relationship between different elements and levels of physical activity and college students’depression-symptom-specific working memory indicators.METHODS Of 143 college students were analyzed using the Beck Depression Self-Rating Scale,the Physical Activity Rating Scale,and the Working Memory Task.RESULTS There was a significant difference between college students with depressive symptoms and healthy college students in completing verbal and spatial working memory(SWM)tasks correctly(all P<0.01).Physical Activity Scale-3 scores were significantly and positively correlated with the correct rate of the verbal working memory task(r=0.166)and the correct rate of the SWM task(r=0.210)(all P<0.05).There were significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks according to different exercise intensities(all P<0.05)and different exercise durations(all P<0.05),and no significant differences in the correct rates of verbal and SWM tasks by exercise frequency(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION An increase in physical exercise among college students,particularly medium-and high-intensity exercise and exercise of 30 min or more,can improve the correct rate of completing working memory tasks.
文摘Background:Exercise procrastination is prevalent among college students,causing decline in physical fitness.It is imperative to investigate the mechanism affecting college students’physical activity behaviors.This study was aimed at investigating the effect of procrastination on college students’physical exercise behavior,and the chain mediation effects of exercise commitment and action control(AC),to provide a theoretical basis for interventions targeting physical exercise behavior among college students.Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted using convenience sampling.The General Procrastination Scale,Exercise Commitment Scale,Action Control Scale,and Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 questionnaires were used.Participants were 581 college students(age 19.27±0.94 years;243 males and 338 females).Statistical methods of regression analysis and structural equation modeling(SEM)were applied.Results:Procrastination,exercise commitment,and action control were found to be significant predictors of physical exercise behavior.Among these predictors,exercise commitment and action control showed full mediation effects in the relationship between procrastination and physical exercise behavior,and explained 25.48%and 30.77%of the total variance,respectively.The chain mediation effect of exercise commitment-action control was significant,accounting for 22.60%of the total variance,and the total indirect effect was 79.33%.Conclusion:Therefore,higher procrastination was associated with less participation in physical exercise behavior among college students.Improvements in exercise commitment and volitional decision-making ability for physical exercise behavior promoted physical exercise behavior,and increased exercise commitment promoted volitional decision-making ability among the students.The chain reaction effect of exercise commitment and action control also buffered the negative effects of procrastination on physical exercise behavior,thereby increasing physical exercise behavior among college students.
文摘The problems faced the policymakers of the present universities in physical education are how to break away from the traditional models of training,how to set up new systems,how to exploit resources in community and university for physical education,how to make the exercise courses,capacity and time for the inhabitsnts more scientific and reasonable and how to constantly satisfy most exercisers.This paper,by analysing the present situation of university physical education and social physical education,exploits their organic combination,to efficiently train high-qualified and all-round-way-developed talents.
基金provided by the Bazil National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNpQ-474184/2013-7)received scholarships from the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel(CAPES)
文摘Background: Identifying factors associated with physical activity(PA) is useful in planning interventions and policies. The aim of this study was to identify sociodemographic, biological, and psychosocial factors associated with PA performed in school settings.Methods: Data collected for the present study included gender, age, socioeconomic status, body fat percentage, aerobic fitness, self-efficacy, attitudes,peer and parental support, and perception of school environment. Dependent variables were light-intensity PA(LPA) and moderate-to-vigorousintensity PA(MVPA) performed during school time, recesses, and physical education(PE) classes. Multiple regression analyses were performed.Results: Participating adolescents(n = 567, 53% female, 12.9 ± 5.3 years) spent 5% of school time in MVPA and 27% in LPA, 15% of recesses in MVPA and 44% in LPA, and 16% of PE classes in MVPA and 41% in LPA. Boys engaged in more MVPA in all categories. Age was inversely related with MVPA and LPA in all periods, whereas body fat percentage was inversely related with MVPA in school time and PE classes. Attitude was inversely related with MVPA in all periods and with LPA in recesses. Considering PA to be good and enjoyable was positively associated with MVPA in school time.Conclusion: Adolescents spent little time in PA during school. Future interventions should implement enjoyable activities at school.
文摘The scoring system BESS （balance errors scoring system）, is a test commonly used by clinical investigators, however there is an increase of studies that couple the BESS system, as a measure of results beyond the scope of its original purpose introducing the field of sport, and in our case, as a possible assessment tool balance in physical education. In this paper, the application of BESS Test two different age groups, 5th-grade and 4 semester of high school, college Ypsilanti Puebla was conducted in order to validate it, using the Software ptets to analyze. It conducted a non-random selection of 26 elementary and 26 high school students, 13 men and 13 women in each case. The results were compared in 6 different positions, including 3 on a fiat surface and the other 3 on an implement with an unstable surface, each position must be maintained for 20 seconds. It was obtained as a result; the BESS Test is valid for children 5th-grade, not valid for high school students study.
文摘Teachers and students are the two main subjects which are indispensable in the teaching activities. Their communication is the most basic activity in the whole teaching activities. The social economy in our country is developing and changing constantly, and the teaching reform has been changed, and it has been well developed. Physical education is a very important component in the teaching structure of colleges and universities, and the teaching of physical education has been highly concerned by people. But in the sports teaching practice, in？ uenced by traditional teaching ideas and teaching skills, communication of PE Teaching in Colleges and universities appeared unilateral and simple phenomenon, directly affect the quality and efficiency of teaching. We should figure out how to avoid the lack of teaching communication in college physical education, in order to make the relationship between teachers and students, students and students more harmonious, and promote the improvement of the efficiency of sports teaching. This article mainly focus on the teaching concept, we discuss and analyze the problems and reasons in the teaching of physical education in Colleges and Universities and put forward a new sports teaching communication construction strategy, the purpose is to provide some support and help to the university physical education teaching activities.
文摘The use of literature, logical reasoning and other research methods are used in this thesis, classification and analysis of the definition of incentive methods, motivation methods are also stated in this paper, and this article also combine with students＇ psychological characteristics, different teaching content, teaching methods together, discussed how to stimulate students＇ interest in sports and mobilize students＇ enthusiasm, initiative by motivation methods in the sports teaching, thus promoting teaching effectiveness, improve teaching quality, provide some theoretical reference for improving the quality of teaching physical education. The results showed that： we have already made some researches in the stimulation methods in teaching sports, but few are studied combining with the psychological characteristics of students
文摘Purpose: Given the unique characteristics of physical education(PE) teaching in K-12education,PE teachers' information behaviors deserve special attention.This article reports a survey study of PE teachers' information behaviors,covering information literacy skills and behaviors of information seeking and information use.Design/methodology/approach:A questionnaire survey was conducted of K-12 PE teachers in the Tianjin municipal region of China,with a response rate of 61.9%.Findings:PE teachers lack skills with information retrieval systems in general.The Internet continues to be their primary information source,and they rely more on personal collection and colleagues than the school library for teaching materials.They rarely develop a searching strategy,employ querying tactics,or use advanced search functions,and they tend to be content with finding a few relevant articles.Research limitations:The survey is limited to the Tianjin municipal region in scope.Though attempting to reach 210 participants from 40 schools,it yielded only 130 valid responses.A larger survey covering more regions and with greater responses may be useful.Practical implications:Insights from this study inform the educational and on-job training of K-12 PE teachers to improve their information literacy skills.Originality/value:Little research exists on PE teachers' behaviors of information seeking.This study bridges the gap and enriches our understanding of K-12 teachers' information behaviors.
文摘At present,physical education is listed as the key teaching.This paper introduces the importance of physical education in Colleges and universities,analyzes the current situation of College Physical Education and explores the improvement strategies of College Physical Education at this stage.
文摘Physical education is an important part of campus culture construction, is the most widely used form of contact with teachers and students with most dynamic, most innovative culture. This paper analyzes the content of physical education, form, composition and structure of the campus culture, to clarify the position and role of school physical education in the construction of campus culture, so that physical education plays a greater role in the construction of campus culture.
基金funded by the General Research Fund(GRF)from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(to PWCL,project number:GRF 244913)
文摘Objective This study initially validates the Chinese version of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children （PAQ-C）, which has been identified as a potentially valid instrument to assess moderate-to-vigorous physical activity （MVPA） in children among diverse racial groups. Methods The psychometric properties of the PAQ-C with 742 Hong Kong Chinese children were assessed with the scale＇s internal consistency, reliability, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factory analysis （CFA） in the overall sample, and multistep invariance tests across gender groups as well as convergent validity with body mass index （BMI）, and an accelerometry-based MVPA. Results The Cronbach alpha coefficient （α=0.79）, composite reliability value （p=0.81）, and the intraclass correlation coefficient （α=0.82） indicate the satisfactory reliability of the PAQ-C score. The CFA indicated data fit a single factor model, suggesting that the PAQ-C measures only one construct, on MVPA over the previous 7 days. The multiple-group CFAs suggested that the factor Ioadings and variances and covariances of the PAQ-C measurement model were invariant across gender groups. The PAQ-C score was related to accelerometry-based MVPA （r=0.33） and inversely related to BMI （r=0.18）. Conclusion This study demonstrates the reliability and validity of the PAQ-C in Chinese children.
基金funded by a grant from the National Institute of Child and Human Development(1R15HD071514-01A1)
文摘Background: Although emerging research is demonstrating the potential health impact of exergaming,investigations have primarily been conducted in laboratory settings among small samples with short-term interventions.Information on the effectiveness of exergaming in underserved children's objective physical activity(PA) in population-based settings is also scarce.Moreover,most empirical studies have only included 1 type of exergame in the intervention.Therefore,this study's purpose was to investigate the long-term impact of a multigame exergaming intervention among underserved children integrated within school curricula.Specifically,this study examined the effect of exergaming on children's accelerometer-determined sedentary behavior(SB),light PA,moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA),and energy expenditure(EE) over 2 years as compared with regular physical education(PE) classes.Methods: A total of 261 second-and third-grade children(134 girls,127 boys; mean age 8.27 years) were recruited from 2 Texas elementary schools.Children's pre-test 3-day SB,light PA,MVPA,and EE at school were assessed in the fall of 2012.Participants were assigned to 1 of 2groups:(1) exergaming/PE group(125 min weekly of exergaming-based PA program) and (2) comparison group(125 min weekly of PE).PA(SB,light PA,and MVPA) and EE outcome variables were assessed again in 2013(post-test) and 2014(follow-up).Results: Significant time effects were observed for SB(F(1,162)=25.0,p<0.01,η~2= 0.14),light PA(F(1,162)=9.6,p<0.01,η~2= 0.06),and MVPA(F(1,162)=6.2,p=0.01,η~2= 0.04) but not for EE(F(1,162)=0.63,p>0.05,η~2= 0.004).Subsequent pairwise comparisons revealed significant increases from pre-to post-test for light PA(p<0.01),MVPA(p<0.01),and EE(p=0.02) with no changes in SB(p>0.05).Conversely,significant decreases occurred in light PA(p<0.01) from post-test to follow-up with no differences seen in MVPA(p=0.08) and EE(p=0.06) over the same time period.A significant increase was seen,however,for SB from post-test to follow-up.Conclusion: Exergaming PE can have the same positive effect on children's light PA,MVPA,and EE as regular PE.More research is necessary to discern how to promote long-term PA participation after conclusion of the intervention.
基金supported by the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness (I+D+i DEP2010-15639I+D+I DEP2013-40908-R,BES-2014067612)+1 种基金the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/ 01088FPU 15/00002)
文摘Purpose: To examine the association of physical activity(PA) intensity levels and sedentary time with health-related quality of life(HRQoL) in women with fibromyalgia and whether patients meeting the current PA guidelines present better HRQoL.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 407 women with fibromyalgia aged 51.4 ± 7.6 years. The time spent(min/day) in different PA intensity levels(light, moderate, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA) and sedentary time were measured with triaxial accelerometry. The proportion of women meeting the American PA recommendations(>150 min/week of MVPA in bouts >10 min) was also calculated.HRQoL domains(physical function, physical role, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health), as well as physical and mental components, were assessed using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey.Results: All PA intensity levels were positively correlated with different HRQoL dimensions(r_(partial) between 0.10 and 0.23, all p < 0.05). MVPA was independently associated with social functioning(p < 0.05). Sedentary time was independently associated with physical function, physical role, bodily pain, vitality, social functioning, and both the physical and mental component summary score(all p < 0.05). Patients meeting the PA recommendations presented better scores for bodily pain(mean = 24.2(95%CI: 21.3-27.2) vs. mean = 20.4(95%CI: 18.9-21.9), p = 0.023)and better scores for social functioning(mean = 48.7(95%CI: 43.9-44.8) vs. mean = 42.3(95%CI: 39.8-44.8), p = 0.024).Conclusion: MVPA(positively) and sedentary time(negatively) are independently associated with HRQoL in women with fibromyalgia. Meeting the current PA recommendations is significantly associated with better scores for bodily pain and social functioning. These results highlight the importance of being physically active and avoiding sedentary behaviors in this population.
文摘Purpose:This study was aimed to analyze the associations of objectively measured physical activity(PA),sedentary time,and physical fitness with mental health in the early second trimester(16§2 gestational weeks)of pregnancy.Methods:From 229 women initially contacted,124 pregnant women participated in the present cross-sectional study.Data were collected between November 2015 and March 2017.The participants wore Actigraph GT3X+Triaxial accelerometers for 9 consecutive days to objectively measure their PA levels and sedentary time.A performance-based test battery was used to measure physical fitness.Self-report questionnaires assessed psychological ill-being(i.e.,negative affect,anxiety,and depression),and psychological well-being(i.e.,emotional intelligence,resilience,and positive affect).Linear regression analyses were adjusted for age,educational level,accelerometer wear time,miscarriages,and low back pain.Results:Moderate-to-vigorous PA was negatively associated with depression(b=0.222,adjusted R2=0.050,p=0.041).Higher levels of sedentary time were negatively associated with positive affect(b=0.260,adjusted R2=0.085,p=0.017).Greater upper-body flexibility was positively associated with better emotional regulation(b=0.195,adjusted R2=0.030,p=0.047).The remaining associations were not significant(all p>0.05).Conclusion:An active lifestyle characterized by higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA and lower levels of sedentary time during pregnancy might modestly improve the mental health of pregnant women.Although previous research has focused on the benefits of cardiorespiratory exercise,the present study shows that only upper-body flexibility is related to emotional regulation in early pregnant women.If the present findings are corroborated in further experimental research,physical exercise programs should focus on enhancing flexibility to promote improvements in emotional regulation during early second-trimester of pregnancy.
基金supported by the Health Research Council of New Zealand Emerging Researcher First Grant (14/565)National Heart Foundation of New Zealand(1602 and 1615)+2 种基金Lottery Health Research Grant (Applic 341129)University of Otago Research Grant (UORG 2014)Dunedin City Council and internal grants from the School of Physical Education,Sport and Exercise Sciences,University of Otago
文摘Objectives:Adolescents using active transport(AT)to school have higher levels of physical activity(PA)compared with motorized transport(MT)users.This study compared school day and weekend day PA in adolescents using AT,MT,or combined AT and MT(AT + MT)to travel to school.Methods:Adolescents(n= 314;age:14.7±1.4 years;32.8% boys)from Dunedin(New Zealand)wore an accelerometer for 7 days and completed a self-reported survey regarding mode of transport to school(73 AT,56 AT + MT,and 185 MT).Data were analyzed using t tests,analysis of variance,and χ2 tests.Results:Although the proportion of adolescents meeting PA guidelines significantly differed among transport groups(AT,47.9%;AT + MT,46.4%;MT,33.5%;p=0.048;overall,39.2%),the observed differences were due mainly to girls.Compared with MT,AT and AT+MT engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous PA(MVPA)per day(AT:61.2 ± 23.2 min;AT+MT:59.6 ± 21.7 min;MT:52.5 ± 19.6 min;p = 0.004;p<0.001,adjusted for gender),per school day and before school.Immediately after school(15:00-16:00),AT engaged in significantly more MVPA compared with AT + MT and MT.No differences in MVPA between the groups were observed in the late afternoon/early evening period during school days or on weekend days.Conclusion:Compared with MT users,adolescent girls using AT or AT + MT accumulated more MVPA during school commute time.AT + MT to school is also a plausible way to increase adolescent girls’ PA when AT only is not feasible.
文摘Background:Despite the well-established health benefits of physical activity(PA)for young people(aged 419 years),most do not meet PA guidelines.Policies that support PA in schools may be promising,but their impact on PA behavior is poorly understood.The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain the level and type of evidence reported in the international scientific literature for policies within the school setting that contribute directly or indirectly to increasing PA.Methods:This systematic review is compliant with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines.Six databases were searched using key concepts of policy,school,evaluation,and PA.Following title and abstract screening of 2323 studies,25 progressed to data synthesis.Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools,and the strength of the evidence of policy impact was described based on pre-determined codes:positive,negative,inconclusive,or untested statistically.Results:Evidence emerged for 9 policy areas that had a direct or indirect effect on PA within the school setting.These were whole school PA policy,physical education,sport/extracurricular PA,classroom-based PA,active breaks/recess,physical environment,shared use agreements,active school transport,and surveillance.The bulk of the evidence was significantly positive(54%),27%was inconclusive,9%was significantly negative,and 11%was untested(due to rounding,some numbers add to 99%or 101%).Frequency of evidence was highest in the primary setting(41%),34%in the secondary setting,and 24%in primary/secondary combined school settings.By policy area,frequency of evidence was highest for sport/extracurricular PA(35%),17%for physical education,and 12%for whole school PA policy,with evidence for shared use agreements between schools and local communities rarely reported(2%).Comparing relative strength of evidence,the evidence for shared use agreements,though sparse,was 100%positive,while 60%of the evidence for whole school PA policy,59%of the evidence for sport/extracurricular PA,57%of the evidence for physical education,50%of the evidence for PA in classroom,and 50%of the evidence for active breaks/recess were positive.Conclusion:The current evidence base supports the effectiveness of PA policy actions within the school setting but cautions against a“one-sizefits-all”approach and emphasizes the need to examine policy implementation to maximize translation into practice.Greater clarity regarding terminology,measurement,and methods for evaluation of policy interventions is needed.
文摘Parkinson’s disease is chara cterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars com pacta,and although restoring striatal dopamine levels may improve symptoms,no treatment can cure or reve rse the disease itself.Stem cell therapy has a regenerative effect and is being actively studied as a candidate for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.Mesenchymal stem cells are considered a promising option due to fewer ethical concerns,a lower risk of immune rejection,and a lower risk of teratogenicity.We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives on motor function,memory,and preservation of dopamine rgic neurons in a Parkinson’s disease animal model.We searched bibliographic databases(PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase,CENTRAL,Scopus,and Web of Science)to identify articles and included only pee r-reviewed in vivo interve ntional animal studies published in any language through J une 28,2023.The study utilized the random-effect model to estimate the 95%confidence intervals(CI)of the standard mean differences(SMD)between the treatment and control groups.We use the systematic review center for laboratory animal expe rimentation’s risk of bias tool and the collaborative approach to meta-analysis and review of animal studies checklist for study quality assessment.A total of 33studies with data from 840 Parkinson’s disease model animals were included in the meta-analysis.Treatment with mesenchymal stem cells significantly improved motor function as assessed by the amphetamine-induced rotational test.Among the stem cell types,the bone marrow MSCs with neurotrophic factor group showed la rgest effect size(SMD[95%CI]=-6.21[-9.50 to-2.93],P=0.0001,I^(2)=0.0%).The stem cell treatment group had significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase positive dopamine rgic neurons in the striatum([95%CI]=1.04[0.59 to 1.49],P=0.0001,I^(2)=65.1%)and substantia nigra(SMD[95%CI]=1.38[0.89 to 1.87],P=0.0001,I^(2)=75.3%),indicating a protective effect on dopaminergic neurons.Subgroup analysis of the amphetamine-induced rotation test showed a significant reduction only in the intracranial-striatum route(SMD[95%CI]=-2.59[-3.25 to-1.94],P=0.0001,I^(2)=74.4%).The memory test showed significant improvement only in the intravenous route(SMD[95%CI]=4.80[1.84 to 7.76],P=0.027,I^(2)=79.6%).Mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to positively impact motor function and memory function and protect dopaminergic neurons in preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease.Further research is required to determine the optimal stem cell types,modifications,transplanted cell numbe rs,and delivery methods for these protocols.
